A voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia.
Transcription
The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ʈ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨t⟩ by extending the hook below the baseline.
Features
Features of a voiceless retroflex stop:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
* Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
* It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
* It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Translation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali[1] | টাকা | [ʈaka] | 'taka' | Apical postalveolar;[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | |
| Brahui | سىٹ | [asiʈ] | 'one' | ||
| English | Indian dialects | time | [ʈaɪm] | 'time' | Corresponds to alveolar /t/ in other dialects. See English phonology |
| General American | art | [ɑɻʈ] | 'art' | Allophone of /t/ after [ɻ] | |
| Gujarati[2] | બટાકા | [bəʈaːka] | 'potato' | Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hindustani[3][4] | Hindi | टोपी | [ʈoːpiː] | 'hat' | Apical postalveolar |
| Urdu | ٹوپی | ||||
| Hmong | 𖬅𖬰𖬡 / raus | [ʈàu] | 'immerse in liquid' | Contrasts with aspirated form (written ⟨rh⟩). | |
| Iwaidja | yirrwartbart | [jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ] | 'taipan' | ||
| Javanese | bathang | [baʈaŋ] | 'cadaver' | ||
| Kannada | ತಟ್ಟು | [t̪ʌʈːu] | 'to tap' | Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms | |
| Kashmiri | ٹوٗپؠ | [ʈuːpʲ] | 'hat' | ||
| Lo-Toga[5] | dege | [ʈəɣə] | 'we (incl.)' | Laminal retroflex. | |
| Malayalam | പൂട്ട് / pūṭṭŭ | ⓘ | 'lock' | Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/. See Malayalam phonology | |
| Marathi[2] | बटाटा | [bəʈaːʈaː] | 'potato' | Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology | |
| Mutsun | TiTkuSte | [ʈiʈkuʃtɛ] | 'torn' | ||
| Nepali | टोली | [ʈoli] | 'team' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | kort | [kɔʈː] | 'card' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[6] | rdagowa | [ʈakowa] | 'prawn' | ||
| Odia | ଟଗର / ṭagara | [ʈɔgɔrɔ] | 'crepe jasmine' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. | |
| Pashto | ټول | [ʈol] | 'all' | ||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਟੋਪੀ | [ʈoːpi] | 'hat' | |
| Shahmukhi | ٹـوپی | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic | Some Hebridean dialects[7] | àrd | [aːʈ] | 'high' | Corresponds to the sequence /rˠt/ in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology |
| Sicilian | latru | [ˈlaʈɽu] | 'thief' | ||
| Swedish[8] | karta | [ˈkʰɑːʈa] | 'map' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Sylheti | ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ | [ʈulli] | 'skull' | contains tonal pronunciation.[9] See Sylheti phonology | |
| Tamil[2][10] | எட்டு / يࣣڊُّ / eṭṭu | [eʈːɯ] | 'eight' | Subapical.[2] See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | కొట్టు | [koʈːu] | 'to hit or beat' | Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms | |
| Torwali[11][12] | ٹـىىےل | [ʈiɡel] | 'words' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Urdu | ساٹھ | [saːʈ] | 'sixty' | ||
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects[13] | bạn trả | [ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧] | 'you pay' | May be somewhat affricated. See Vietnamese phonology |
| Welayta | [ʈaza] | 'dew' | |||
See also
Notes
- 1 2 Mazumdar (2000:57)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Khatiwada (2009:374)
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:141)
- ↑ Tiwari (2004:?)
- ↑ François (2009:189); François (2016:35).
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ↑ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
- ↑ Eliasson (1986:278–279)
- ↑ Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness". Language in Language Teacher Education. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113–130. doi:10.1075/lllt.4.09wri. ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
- ↑ Keane (2004:111)
- ↑ Lunsford (2001:11–16)
- ↑ "ٹیگیل". Online Torwali Dictionary. Center for Language Engineering. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28.
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
References
- Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- François, Alexandre (2009), "Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (eds.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust, vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195
- François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60.
- Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X
