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Venkateswara (Telugu: వేంకటేశ్వరుడు, Sanskrit: वेङ्कटेश्वरः, romanized: Venkaṭeśvara), also known as Venkatachalapati, Venkata, Balaji and Srinivasa,[2] is a Deity, described as a form of the god Vishnu. He is the presiding deity of Venkateswara Temple, Tirupati. His consort, Padmavati is incarnation of the goddess Lakshmi.[3]
Etymology and other names
Venkateswara literally means "Lord of Venkata".[4][5] The word is a combination of the words Venkata (the name of a hill in Andhra Pradesh) and iśvara ("Lord").[6] The Venkatam hill is mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature dated to 300 BCE.[7][8] According to the Brahmanda and Bhavishyottara Puranas which are dated to 500 CE to 1000 CE, the word "Venkata" means "destroyer of sins", deriving from the Tamil words vem (sins) and kata (power of immunity).[9]
Venkateswara is known by many names such as Srinivasa (in whom Lakshmi dwells), Narayana (The Primordial One), Perumal (the great lord), Malayappa (the lord of the Hill) and Govinda (Protector of Cows).[10] In Tamil, he is commonly called "Elumalayan", meaning Lord of Seven Hills. In Telugu, he is commonly known as "ఏడు కొండలవాడా,” (Ēḍu Koṇḍala Vāḍā), also meaning the Lord of the Seven Hills.[11] In Telugu, the hill name was 'Venkatam, Vēṅkaṭam', which is another form of 'Vaikuntam', and it follows that Venkateswara means Vaikunteswara or God of Vaikuntha.[12] Vaikuntha refers to the residence of Vishnu.
The Venkateswara mantra is "Om Namo Venkateshaya".
Legends
Appearance
Every year, hundreds of thousands of devotees donate substantial offerings to the Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.[13] A legend explains this tradition of providing donations.
According to the legend, Narada once observed a few rishis performing a holy yagna. Unable to decide who the yagna should benefit, he recruited sage Bhrigu to decide by meeting with each of the Trimurti in their abodes. Bhrigu visited Brahma in Brahmaloka and Shiva in Kailasha and went unnoticed by both of these deities. He finally reached Vaikuntha and met Vishnu, who was absorbed in meditation, attended to by his consort, the goddess Lakshmi. Angered by being disregarded a third time, a furious Bhrigu kicked Vishnu's chest (the abode of Lakshmi) and provoked the wrath of Lakshmi. But a calm Vishnu asked for forgiveness of Bhrigu, and served the sage by massaging his legs. During this act, he crushed the extra eye that was present on the sole of Bhrigu's foot, which destroyed the sage's egotism. Lakshmi then departed from Vaikuntha, and reached Kolhapur. [14]
Vishnu left vaikuntha and reach Venkata Hill and performed an intense penance sat in an anthill under a tamarind tree beside a pushkarini (lake), and started chanting the name of his wife, Mahalakshmi.[15] He then reincarnated as Srinivasa (or presented himself after penance in the ant-hill) and visit Vakula Devi hermitage as the son of the elderly woman Vakula Devi, who was the rebirth of Yashoda foster-mother of Krishna , Unhappy that she had been unable to attend Krishna's wedding to Rukmini, the deity promised that he would be reborn to her as a son, as Srinivasa.[16]
Marriage to Padmavathi
Once Srinivasa hunting in the forest and chasing a wild elephant. The elephant led him into a royal garden where Princess Padmavati (an incarnation of Lakshmi) daughter of Aakasha Raja and her maids were picking flowers. Startled by the elephant, the women were terrified, but the animal immediately saluted the Lord and disappeared, sparking his love for the Princess, Srinivasa Enchanted her beauty and fell in love and describe all events to vakula Devi, then Vakula Devi travelled from her hermitage to approach Akasha Raja with her proposal of marriage between Srinivasa and Padmavathi. In the meantime, the restless deity came to the city in the disguise of a fortune-teller. Princess Padmavathi also fell in love with Srinivasa and fell ill after returning to the palace. Unable to diagnose the cause of her sickness, the maids invited the fortune-teller into the palace to foretell the future of the princess. When the fortune-teller revealed that Padmavathi was born to marry Vishnu in his current avatar as Srinivasa, she recovered. As the king heard this news, Vakula announced herself to the king and asked for his daughter's hand in marriage to her son, Srinivasa. The overjoyed king agreed and his advisor Brihaspati wrote the invitation for the wedding between the two deities.[17]
Srinivasa asked the gods for consent to his marriage with Padmavathi. The deity also obtained a large loan from Kubera, the god of wealth, towards the expenses for the wedding as well as provide proof of his wealth. According to legends, Venkateswara married Padmavathi at Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam, after which they moved to Tirumala.[18]
Srinivasa turns into Venkateswara
About six months after the celestial wedding, Brahma and Shiva explained to Lakshmi her consort Vishnu's desire to be on the seven hills for the emancipation of mankind from the perpetual troubles of Kali Yuga. Lakshmi as well as her form as Padmavathi also turn into stone idols as an expression of their wish to always be with their deity. Lakshmi stays with him on the left side of his chest while Padmavathi rests on the right side of his chest.[19]
Iconography and symbolism
The idol of Venkateswara has the attributes of both Vishnu and Shiva- the preserving and destroying aspects of the Hindu Trinity.[20] The deity wears ornaments associated with Vishnu, but also ornaments such as the Naga, associated with Shiva. As such, followers believe that Venkateswara represents the vishwarup, or universal form, encompassing all of God's forms as described in Chapter 11 of the Bhagavad Gita.[21]
Venkateswara is known to stand for goodness. His disc is believed to annihilate evil, while the conch is presumed to produce the cosmic sound that puts an end to the world's ignorance.[22] Venkateswara is also known as Sat-Chit-Ananda.[23]
Literature
Venkateswara finds his mention in the Puranas, mainly in Padma Purana and Skanda Purana (as a form of Vishnu). Other Puranas also mentioned him as an avatar of Vishnu.[24][25] Additionally, Sri Venkatachala Mahatmyam a text glorifies the deity and has hymns related to his worship.[26]
Skanda Purana extols the significance of worshipping this deity:[27]
Worship and festivals
Venkateshwara, an aspect of Vishnu, is the presiding deity of the Tirupati temple. It is believed that the deity is Swayambhu (self manifested).[29] Ten Puranas state that Tirupati is a form of Vishnu. Even deity appears similar to 108 Divya Desams - Vaishnava temple Vishnu deities. The deity is believed to be as old as the "Shila thoranam" in Tirumala. Tirumala has tremendous fame from the ancient period. The deity is referred to as 'Balaji' by North Indians. The scriptures state that Venkateshwara is the saviour of all suffering people in the Kali Yuga.[30]
In the 12th century, Ramanuja visited Tirupati to settle a dispute that had arisen between the Shaivites and Vaishnavites regarding the nature of the deity set up in the Tirumala temple.[31] Ramanuja streamlined the rituals at Tirumala temple according to Vaikanasa Agama tradition, and introduced the recitation of the Naalayira Divya Prabandham. He also set up the Tirupati Jeeyar Matha in 1119 AD, in consultation with Tirumalai Ananthalwan to institutionalise service to the deity and supervise the temple rituals. The Jeeyars, to this day, ensures that the rituals ordained by Ramanuja are observed.[32][33][34]
The five deities
According to the Vaikhanasa Agamas, Venkateswara is represented by five deities (berams) including the Moolavirat, which are together referred to as the Pancha beramulu in Telugu (pancha means five; beram means deity).[35] The five deities are Dhruva Beram (Moolavar), Kautuka Beram, Snapana Beram, Utsava Beram, and Bali Beram. All the pancha berams are placed in the Garbha griha under Ananda Nilayam.[35]
- Moolavirat (Chief deity) or Dhruva Beram: In the centre of the Garbha griha, under the Ananda Nilayam Vimana, the Moolavirat of Venkateswara is seen in a standing posture on a lotus base, with four arms, two holding shanka and chakra, one in the Varada posture, and the other in the Kati posture. This deity is considered the main source of energy for the temple, and is adorned with the Vaishnavite nama and jewels, including vajra kiritam (diamond crown), Makarakundalas, Nagabharana, Makara Kanti, Saligrama haram, Lakshmi haram.[35] Venkateswara's consort, Lakshmi, stays on the chest of the Moolavirat as Vyuha Lakshmi.
- Bhoga Srinivasa or Kautuka Beram: This is a small one-foot (0.3 m) silver deity that was given to the temple in 614 AD by the Pallava queen, Samavai, for conducting festivals. Bhoga Srinivasa is always placed near the left foot of Moolavirat, and is believed to always be connected to the main deity by the holy Sambandha Kroocha. This deity receives many daily sevas (pleasures) on behalf of Moolavar, and is hence known as Bhoga Srinivasa (Bhoga: pleasure). This deity receives Ekanthaseva daily[36] (the last ritual of the day), and Sahasra Kalasabhisheka (a special abhishekam (ablution) with sacred waters in 1008 kalashas (pots)) on Wednesdays.
- Ugra Srinivasa or Snapana Beram: This deity represents the fearsome (Ugra: terrible) aspect of Venkateswara.[37][38] This deity was the main processional deity until 1330 CE, when it was replaced by the Malayappa Swami deity.[35] Ugra Srinivasa remains inside the sanctum sanctorum, and is carried out on a procession only one day in a year, on Kaishika Dwadasi, before the sunrise.[38][37] This deity receives daily abhishekam on behalf of Moolavirat, offering it the name Snapana Beram (Snapana: cleansing)
- Malayappa Swami or Utsava Beram: Malayappa is the processional deity (Utsava beram) of the temple, and is always flanked by the idols of his consorts, Sridevi and Bhudevi. This deity receives veneration on all festivals, like Brahmotsavams, Kalyanotsavam, Dolotsavam, Vasanthotsavam, Sahasra deepalankarana seva, Padmavati parinyotsavams, pushpapallaki, Anivara asthanam, Ugadi asthanam, etc.
- Koluvu Srinivasa or Bali Beram: Koluvu Srinivasa represents the Bali Beram. Koluvu Srinivasa is regarded as the guardian deity of the temple, that presides over its financial and economic affairs. Daily Koluvu seva (Koluvu: engaged in) is held in the morning, during which the previous day's offerings, income, expenditures. are notified to this deity, with a presentation of accounts. Panchanga sravanam is also held at the same time, during which that particular day's tithi, sunrise and sunset time, and nakshatra. are notified to Venkateshwara.[citation needed]
Festivals
In the Venkateswara Temple over 433 festivals are being observed in 365 days of a year suiting the title "Nitya Kalyanam Paccha Toranam" where every day is a festival.[39]
Sri Venkateswara Brahmotsavams
Sri Venkateswara Brahmotsavams, a nine-day event, which is celebrated every year during month of October, is the major event of Venkateswara Temple. During brahmotsavams the processional deity Malayappa along with his consorts SriDevi and BhuDevi, is taken in a procession in four mada streets around the temple on different vahanams.[40][41]
Vaikuntha Ekadashi
Vaikuntha Ekadashi, the day on which it is believed that Vaikuntha Dwarams will be opened. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple will be flooded with devotees, to have a darshan of Venkateswara through special entrance which encircles inner sanctum called "Vaikunta Dwaram".[42][43]
Rathasapthami
Ratha Saptami, is another festival, celebrated during February, when Venkateswara's processional deity (Malayappa) is taken in a procession around the temple on seven different vahanams starting from early morning to late night.[44][45]
Hymns
The Venkateswara Suprabhatam is the first and pre-dawn prayer performed to Venkateswara at Sayana Mandapam, within the inner sanctum of the Tirumala Temple. 'Suprabhatam' is a Sanskrit term, which literally means 'morning salutations', and is meant to wake up the deity from his celestial sleep.[46][47] The Venkateswara Suprabhatam hymns were composed by Prathivadhi Bhayankaram Annangaracharya during the 13th century, and consist of 70 slokas in four parts, including Suprabhatam (29), Stotram (11), Prapatti (14), and Mangalasasanam (16).[47][46]
The Dayashataka, a Sanskrit work containing ten decads, was composed by the philosopher Vedanta Desika in praise of the deity.[48]
Tallapaka Annamacharya (Annamayya), the poet saint[49] of the 14th century, one of the greatest Telugu poets and a great devotee of Venkateswara, had sung 32,000 songs in praise of Venkateswara.[50][49] All his songs, which are in Telugu and Sanskrit, are referred to as Sankirtanas and are classified as Sringara Sankirtanalu and Adhyatma Sankirtanalu.[49]
Temples
The most prominent shrine of Venkateswara is Venkateswara Temple situated at Tirumala, a suburb of Tirupati.[51]
Venkateswara is also the primary deity at the following temples:
- Venkateswara Temple, Dwaraka Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh.[52]
- Venkateswara Temple, Vadapalle, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh.[53]
- Sri Lakshmi Padmavathi Sametha Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.[54]
- Prasanna Venkateswara Temple, Appalayagunta, Andhra Pradesh.[55]
- Srungara Vallabha Swamy Temple, Tholi Tirupati, Peddapuram Mandal, Kakinada district
- Venkatachalapathy Temple, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
- Sri Venkatesa Perumal Temple, Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu.
- Narapura Venkateswara Temple, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh.
- Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam, Andhra Pradesh.
- Sri Venkataramana Temple, Udupi, Karnataka.
- Balaji Temple, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh.
- Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Singapore
- Sri Venkateswara Temple, North Carolina, United States.[56]
- Hindu Temple of Atlanta, Georgia, United States.[57]
- Malibu Hindu Temple, California, United States.
- Sri Venkateswara Temple, Pittsburgh, United States.
- Sri Venkateswara Temple, New Jersey, United States.
- Shri Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple, Tividale, United Kingdom.[58]
See also
References
- ↑ Sitapati, Pidatala (1968). "Sri Venkatesvara, the Lord of the Seven Hills, Tirupati".
- ↑ Tourist Guide to Andhra Pradesh. Sura Books. 1992. p. 21. ISBN 9788174781765.
- ↑ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
- ↑ Daniel C. Maguire; Harold Coward (2000). Visions of a New Earth. SUNY Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780791499962.
- ↑ William Schweiker (2008). The Blackwell Companion to Religious Ethics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 474. ISBN 9781405144445.
- ↑ John Stratton Hawley; Vasudha Narayanan (2006). The Life of Hinduism. University of California Press. p. 233. ISBN 9780520940079.
- ↑ Shu Hikosaka (1989). Buddhism in Tamilnadu: A New Perspective. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 3.
- ↑ Kanakalatha Mukund (2015). The World of the Tamil Merchant: Pioneers of International Trade. Penguin Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-8475-612-8.
- ↑ Nanditha Krishna (2000). Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati. Vakils, Feffer, and Simons. p. 49. ISBN 9788187111467.
- ↑ "Cow becomes integral part of Tirumala rituals". Hindustan Times.
- ↑ Kumar, P. Pratap (2014). Contemporary Hinduism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-54635-1.
- ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (17 June 2020). "Venkatam, Vēṅkaṭam: 3 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ↑ Avinash P. Subramanyam (31 January 2020). "Tirupati Lord Venkateshwara earns Rs 3.18 crore per day". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 19 June 2023.[dead link]
- ↑ "Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (Official Website)". www.tirumala.org. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ↑ HS, Anusha (2020). Stories on Lord Venkateshwara Series - 1: From various sources. Independently published (April 25, 2020). pp. 1 page. ISBN 979-8640227642.
- ↑ S Krishnasvami Aiyangar (1940). A History Of Tirupati, Tirumala Tirupati Devastanam Committee Madras
- ↑ Jalla, Vinay (13 May 2013). "Venkateswara Padmavathi". Warp and Weft. Booktango. ISBN 9781468930504.
- ↑ Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums. Roli Books Private Limited. 2013. ISBN 9788174369031.
- ↑ Sri Ramakrishna Dikshitulu and Oppiliappan Koil Sri Varadachari Sathakopan. Sri Vaikhasana Bhagavad Sastram (An Introduction) Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Thani Nayagam, Xavier S. (1961). Tamil Culture (Volume 9). Tamil Literature Society. p. 73.
- ↑ Punjabi, Mona (21 April 2019). "Tirupati Balaji - History of Tirupati Balaji temple". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ↑ Ramayya, S. V. (23 October 2008). Glory of Lord Sri Venkateswara. University of Virginia. p. 1-64.
- ↑ Nair, Shantha (27 January 2015). Sri Venkateswara. Jaico Publishing House. ISBN 9788184954456.
- ↑ Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ↑ Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
- ↑ "Shri Venkatachala Mahatmyam". Varaha Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam. p. 1-.
- ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (25 February 2020). "The Glory of Śrī Veṅkaṭeśvara [Chapter 18]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ↑ G. V. Tagare (1950). "Skanda Purana [Venkaṭācala-māhātmya]". Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House.
- ↑ York, Michael (5 August 2015). Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion. Springer. ISBN 9783319189239. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ↑ "Tirupati – Tirumala – Venkateswara the lord of the Kali Yuga". Dakshināvarta. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ↑ R., Sreenivasa Ayyangar, C. (1908). The life and teachings of Sri Ramanujacharya. R. Venkateshwar. p. 181. OCLC 30865934.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Pontiffs Jeeyangars, the Ombudsman of Tirumala Temple rituals – TTD News". T. T. D. News. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ "Voice of a mighty philosophy". The Hindu. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ↑ Narasimhan, T. A (16 June 2016). "He streamlined the rituals at Tirumala temple". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 Sri Venkateshwara. Shantha Nair. 7 January 2014. ISBN 9788184954456.
- ↑ "Tiruppavai to replace Suprabhata Seva". times of india. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- 1 2 "Much awaited Kaisika Dwadasi falls on November 11". times of india. 6 November 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- 1 2 "Fervour marks 'Kaisika Dwadasi' at Tirumala". The Hindu. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ↑ "Tirumala- The Paradise of Festivals". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ Srivari Brahmotsavam. The Hindu. 1975. p. 26.
- ↑ "8th Day of Srivari Salakatla Brahmotsavam-Aswa Vahanam on Oct 12". Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams News. 12 October 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
- ↑ Shukla, G. P. (January 2015). "Pilgrims throng Tirumala". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ↑ "Pilgrims throng Tirumala". Deccan Herald. January 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ↑ "Rathasapthami photos". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009.
- ↑ Narayan, K.K.V (2007). Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism. Fultus Corporation. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-59682-117-0. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
- 1 2 V.K., Subramanian (1996). Sacred Songs of India, Volume 10. Abhinav publications. p. 59. ISBN 81-7017-444-9.
- 1 2 "Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams-Suprabhatam". Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ Dr. Ramaswamy Ayyangar (2015). Daya Satakam Of Vedanta Desika By Dr. Ramaswamy Ayyangar In English. TTD.
- 1 2 3 Poet Saints of India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1996. ISBN 9788120718838.
- ↑ 101 Mystics of India. Abhinav Publications. 2006. ISBN 978-81-7017-471-4.
- ↑ S. Krishnasvami Aiyangar (1939). A History of the Holy Shrine of Sri Venkatesa in Tirupati. Ananda Press, Madras.
- ↑ "Dwaraka Tirumala to get a facelift". The New Indian Express. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ↑ "Vadapalle". vsvstemple.com.
- ↑ "Tenali Temple". An Official Website Of Guntur District, Government of Andhra Pradesh. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ "SRI PRASANNA VENKATESWARA SWAMY TEMPLE, APPALAYAGUNTA". Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ↑ "Hindu Community Visits New Cary Temple". WRAL. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ↑ Rao, A.V.Shankaranarayana (2012). Temples of Tamil Nadu. Vasan Publications. pp. 195–99. ISBN 978-81-8468-112-3.
- ↑ Jones, Demelza (2016). "Being Tamil, being Hindu: Tamil migrants' negotiations of the absence of Tamil Hindu spaces in the West Midlands and South West of England" (PDF). Religion. 46 (1): 53–74. doi:10.1080/0048721X.2015.1027968. S2CID 54225557. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
External links
- Veṅkaṭācala-māhātmya, Skanda Purana
- Official Tirumala Homepage Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
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