A velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨kʼ⟩.

Features

Features of a velar ejective:

* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.

* Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.

* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.

* It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.

* It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

* The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazакы/aky[akʼə]'one'
AdygheTemirgoyшкӏэ/س̈ڃە/šč̣ʼǎ[ʃkʼa]ⓘ'calf'
Shapsug[1]кӏьэ / ڃیە / č̣yė[kʲʼa]ⓘ'tail'Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects.[2]
Amharicቀን/ḳän[kʼɜn]ⓘ'day'
Archi[3]кIан/k'an[kʼan]'bottom'
ArmenianYerevan dialect[4]կեղծ/kekhts[kʼɛʁt͡sʼ]'false'Some speakers. Corresponds to tenuis [k⁼] in most speakers and other Eastern dialects.
Tbilisi dialect կարմիր/karmir [kʼɑɹmiɹ] 'red'
AvarкӀул / گۇل / ḳul[kʼuɫ]'key'
ChechenкӀант/khant/ࢰانت[kʼənt]'boy'
Damink'uu[kʼuː]'eye'
English[5][6]Non-local Dublin[7]back[bækʼ]'back'Allophone of /k/ for some speakers.[7]
Northern English[8][9][10]Pre-pausal allophone of /k/ for some speakers;[9] may be somewhat palatalised. See English phonology
Southern English[7][8][9]
Scottish[11]Occasional word-final allophone of /k/.[11]
Georgianკაბა/kʼaba[kʼɑbɑ]'dress'
Haidattsanskkaagid[tsʼanskʼaːkit]'beams'
Hausaƙoƙari / ࢼُوْࢼَرِی[kʼòːkʼɐ̄ɾī]'effort'
KabardianBesleneyкӏьапсэ / ࢰالسە / ćapse[kʲʼaːpsa]ⓘ'rope'Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects.[2]
Kʼicheʼk'ak'[kʼaːkʼ]'new'
LakкӀлла/ⱪalla/ࢰالّا[kʼalːa]'rootless, foreign'[12]
LezgianкIир/k'ir[kʼir]'fang'
Mpade[13]takʼwa[takʼʷa]'to vomit'
Navajo k'os [kʼòs] 'cloud'
Ossetian Iron къона/khona [ˈkʼonä] 'hearth'
Digoron дзæкъолæ/dzækholæ [d͡zəˈkʼoɫə] 'bag'
Quechuak'aspi[kʼaspi]'stick'
Saanich[14][15] QEJTEN [kʷʼətʃʼtən] 'salmon knife'[16] Labialized
Sotho [example needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Kerasheva, Z. I. (1957). Особенности шапсугского диалекта адыгейского языка [Features of the Shapsug Dialect of the Adyghe Language] (in Russian). Maykop: Adyghe Book Publishing House.
  2. 1 2 Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков (in Russian)
  3. ↑ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  4. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–18)
  5. ↑ Wells & Colson (1971:3)
  6. ↑ "Ejectives in English | Linguism | Linguistics, Pronunciation and Phonetics". 21 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 "Glossary". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  8. 1 2 Cruttenden (2008:167)
  9. 1 2 3 Wells (1982:261)
  10. ↑ Gimson (1970:34)
  11. 1 2 McCarthy & Stuart-Smith (2013)
  12. ↑ лакско-русский словарь Link
  13. ↑ Allison (2006).
  14. ↑ Leonard, Janet (2009), "Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship between Morphology and Phonology in SENĆOŦEN (Saanich)", Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle, 19 (1): 141–152, ISSN 1920-440X
  15. ↑ Bird, Sonya; Leonard, Janet (2009), "Universality of Articulatory Conflict Resolution: Evidence from Salish Languages" (PDF), Northwest Journal of Linguistics, 3 (2): 1–29
  16. ↑ Montler, Timothy (2018). SENĆOŦEN: A Dictionary of the Saanich Language. p. 413. ISBN 0295743859.

References

  • Cruttenden, Alan, ed. (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (7th ed.), London: Hodder, ISBN 978-0340958773
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold
  • Wells, John C.; Colson, Greta (1971), Practical Phonetics, London: Pitman, ISBN 0-273-43949-9
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29719-2
  • Allison, Sean (2006), Alphabet et orthographe de Kotoko de Makary (mpadɨ) (Makary Kotoko Orthography Statement), SIL
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop