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The N-I or N-1 was a derivative of the American Thor-Delta rocket produced under license in Japan. The "N" stood for "Nippon" (Japan). The vehicle used a Long Tank Thor first stage derived from the PGM-17 Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile, a Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-designed LE-3 engine on the second stage,^[3]^[4]^[5] and three Castor 2 solid rocket motors. An optional third stage, the Star-37N solid motor, was used on three of the seven launches.

Seven N-I rockets were launched between 1975 and 1982, after which the vehicle was replaced by the N-II. Six launches were successful. The fifth flight failed after the payload and third stage collided shortly after separation.

On 29 February 1976, the second N-I launch conducted the only orbital launch on a leap day, as of February 2024.^[6]

Launch history

Flight	Date (UTC)	Launch site	Payload^[7]	Payload mass	Orbit	Outcome
F1	9 September 1975 05:30^[8]	Tanegashima, Osaki	ETS-I	82.5 kg (182 lb)^[9]	LEO	Success
F1	ETS-I (Engineering Test Satellite I, nicknamed Kiku-1) was the first satellite launched by the NASDA. It had the objective of acquiring information on N-series launch vehicles, orbit injection, and tracking and control.^[9] It ceased operations on 28 April 1982.
F2	29 February 1976 03:30^[8]	Tanegashima, Osaki	ISS	139 kg (306 lb)^[10]	LEO	Success
F2	ISS (Ionosphere Sounding Satellite, nicknamed UME) was used to monitor radio waves in the ionosphere and forecast conditions for shortwave communications.^[10] A power supply issue caused Ume to stop functioning one month after launch.^[11]
F3	23 February 1977 08:50^[8]	Tanegashima, Osaki	ETS-II	130 kg (290 lb)^[12]	GTO	Success
F3	3rd stage used. ETS-II (Engineering Test Satellite II, nicknamed Kiku-2) was NASDA's first satellite launched to GEO.^[12] It was intended to gather data on geostationary satellite launch, tracking, control, orbit maintenance, and attitude control as well as carrying out experiments on communications equipment. Kiku-2 ceased operations on 10 December 1990, leaving GEO.
F4	16 February 1978 04:00^[8]	Tanegashima, Osaki	ISS-b	141 kg (311 lb)^[10]	LEO	Success
F4	ISS-b (Ionosphere Sounding Satellite b, nicknamed UME-2) had similar goals to the original UME satellite, but was much more successful in carrying them out. While it was originally intended to gather data for only a year and a half, UME-2 ceased operations on 23 February 1983.
F5	6 February 1979 08:46^[8]	Tanegashima, Osaki	ECS	130 kg (290 lb)^[13]	GTO	Failure
F5	3rd stage used. ECS (Experimental Communications Satellite, nicknamed Ayame). Satellite and third stage collided shortly after separation.^[13] The satellite had the intention of conducting millimeter wave experiments.
F6	22 February 1980 08:35^[8]	Tanegashima, Osaki	ECS-b	130 kg (290 lb)^[13]	GTO	Success
F6	3rd stage used. ECS-b (Experimental Communications Satellite b, nicknamed Ayame-2). Repeat of the ECS mission. Satellite stopped transmitting shortly after separation.
F9^[a]	3 September 1982 05:00^[8]	Tanegashima, Osaki	ETS-III	385 kg (849 lb)^[14]	LEO	Success
F9^[a]	ETS-III (Engineering Test Satellite III, nicknamed Kiku-4) was developed to acquire data on designing earth observation satellites with high power requirements.^[14] ETS-III completed testing of three-axis attitude control, deployable solar panels, movable heat control, and ion engine operation. On 8 April 1985, the satellite ran out of fuel and ceased operation.

↑ Flights 7 and 8 used the N-II rocket

References

1 2 3 4 5 Wade, Mark. "Delta". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
↑ "JAXA Digital Archives". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
↑ Takenaka, Yukihiko. "N-Iロケット開発の歩み" [The Development History of the N-I Rocket] (in Japanese). NASDA. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
↑ "三菱重工名古屋誘導推進システム製作所事業所紹介沿革" [Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. — Nagoya Guidance & Propulsion Systems Works: Site Overview — History] (in Japanese). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
↑ "第1部創造性豊かな科学技術を求めて第2章自主技術開発への展開第3節先導的・基盤的科学技術分野における自主技術開発の展開 2.宇宙開発" [Part 1: In Pursuit of Creative Science and Technology — Chapter 2: Advancing Independent Technology Development — Section 3: The Development of Independent Technology in Leading and Fundamental Scientific and Technological Fields — 2. Space Development] (in Japanese). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
↑ Pearlman, Robert (29 February 2016). "Space Station Command Change Is One Giant Leap (Day) for Space History". Space.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
↑ "N-I Launch Vehicle". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McDowell, Jonathan. "Thor". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
1 2 "Engineering Test Satellite I "KIKU-1" (ETS-I)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
1 2 3 "Ionosphere Sounding Satellite "UME" (ISS)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
↑ "ISS a, b (Ume 1, 2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
1 2 "Engineering Test Satellite II "KIKU-2" (ETS-II)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
1 2 3 "Experimental Communications Satellites "Ayame" (ECS)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
1 2 "Engineering Test Satellite III "KIKU-4" (ETS-III)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[14] Flights 7 and 8 used the N-II rocket

[EA-1] 1 2 3 4 5 Wade, Mark. "Delta". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2008.

[JAXA-archive-2] "JAXA Digital Archives". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.

[3] Takenaka, Yukihiko. "N-Iロケット開発の歩み" [The Development History of the N-I Rocket] (in Japanese). NASDA. Retrieved 10 February 2011.

[MHInagoya-4] "三菱重工名古屋誘導推進システム製作所事業所紹介沿革" [Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. — Nagoya Guidance & Propulsion Systems Works: Site Overview — History] (in Japanese). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011.

[5] "第1部創造性豊かな科学技術を求めて第2章自主技術開発への展開第3節先導的・基盤的科学技術分野における自主技術開発の展開 2.宇宙開発" [Part 1: In Pursuit of Creative Science and Technology — Chapter 2: Advancing Independent Technology Development — Section 3: The Development of Independent Technology in Leading and Fundamental Scientific and Technological Fields — 2. Space Development] (in Japanese). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2011.

[x-6] Pearlman, Robert (29 February 2016). "Space Station Command Change Is One Giant Leap (Day) for Space History". Space.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[7] "N-I Launch Vehicle". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[JSR-8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McDowell, Jonathan. "Thor". Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database. Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2008.

[:0-9] 1 2 "Engineering Test Satellite I "KIKU-1" (ETS-I)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[:1-10] 1 2 3 "Ionosphere Sounding Satellite "UME" (ISS)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[11] "ISS a, b (Ume 1, 2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[:2-12] 1 2 "Engineering Test Satellite II "KIKU-2" (ETS-II)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[:3-13] 1 2 3 "Experimental Communications Satellites "Ayame" (ECS)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[:4-15] 1 2 "Engineering Test Satellite III "KIKU-4" (ETS-III)". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

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Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S 2^† Chollima-1 Electron Eris^† Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H3 HANBIT-NANO^† Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 2 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 6C 7 7A 8 10B 11 11H 12 12A 12B LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C New Glenn Nuri OS-M1^† Pallas-1 Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB Soyuz-5 Spectrum SSLV Tianlong 2 3^† Unha Vega C Vikram-1 Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2E 3
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Blue Whale 1 Cyclone-4M Deca Eclipse Epsilon S Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Kinetica 2H 3 KSLV-III Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 10A Maia Miura 5 Neutron New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 RFA One SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Starship Terran R Vikram-2 VLM Vega E Zero Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIA H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pegasus Standard Hybrid XL Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 2-1v Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 RS1^† Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^† 2
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

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Launch history

See also

References