Modernist film is related to the art and philosophy of modernism as early modernist film came to maturity in the era between World War I and World War II, with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, manifesting itself in genres as diverse as expressionism and surrealism (as featured in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel)[1] while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to modernist works, and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).[2]

Aesthetics

Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness."[3] The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision became a central characteristic of modernist filmmaking. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."[4][5] The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself (and generally has a more sincere tone[6]) than the postmodernist film.

It also attempts to enlarge the film vocabulary against Hollywood's escapist entertainment and it's reliance on narrative trappings which dominates the medium.[7]

List of notable modernist films

20th century

21st century

List of notable modernist filmmakers

Sources:[105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123]

[124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][58][59][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186]

[187][66][188][189][190][191][192][193] [194][195][196][197][75][198][199][31][77][78][200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][53][81][82][8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Trent, Ann. "Characteristics of a Modernist Film". Our Pastimes. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  2. ↑ Betz, Mark (2009). Beyond the Subtitle: Remapping European Art Cinema. U of Minnesota Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8166-4035-5.
  3. ↑ Woods, Tim (1999). Beginning Postmodernism. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5210-1.
  4. ↑ Dragan Milovanovic (15 March 2009). "Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought". American Society of Criminology.
  5. ↑ "Reading the Postmodern Image: A Cognitive Mapping," Screen: 31, 4 (Winter 1990) by Tony Wilson
  6. ↑ Olsen, Cameron (2021-09-11). "The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker". Collider. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Modernist World – Google Books (ch."Cinema Modernisms in Canada and the United States")
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Modernism by Cody Lang · Letterboxd
  9. 1 2 A Modernist Cinema: Film Art from 1914 to 1941. Oxford University Press. 2021. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9780199379453.
  10. ↑ Энциклопедия авангардного кино
  11. ↑ "The Screen". The New York Times. 4 April 1921. p. 5.
  12. ↑ Juan A. Suarez (2002). "City Space, Technology, Popular Culture: the Modernism of Paul Strand and Charles Sheeler's Manhatta". Journal of American Studies. 36: 85–106.
  13. 1 2 Film and Early Modernism – Artforum
  14. ↑ The vampire who created the modern world
  15. ↑ Films for Class: Nanook of the North
  16. ↑ Humor as Parody, Eccentrism, and Satire in Soviet Film after World War I
  17. ↑ Graig Uhlin (2019). Modernism and Food Studies: Politics, Aesthetics, and the Avant-Garde. University Press of Florida. pp. 213–214. ISBN 9780813052496.
  18. ↑ Review : Vsevolod Pudovkin: Selected Essays
  19. ↑ Руководство для кинорежиссёра: "Фауст" (1926)|Geeks - Vocal Media
  20. ↑ The Adventures of Prince Achmed
  21. 1 2 A Modernist Cinema: Film Art from 1914 to 1941. Oxford University Press. 2021. pp. 108–119. ISBN 9780199379453.
  22. ↑ Minden, Michael; Bachmann, Holger (2002). Fritz Lang's Metropolis: Cinematic Visions of Technology and Fear. New York: Camden House. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-57113-146-1.
  23. ↑ Film and Literary Modernism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2013. p. 21. ISBN 9781443866446.
  24. ↑ Zvenyhora (1928): Ethnographic Modernism
  25. ↑ Catherine Driscoll (2010). Modernist Cultural Studies. University Press of Florida. p. 22. ISBN 9780813043203.
  26. 1 2 Four films: crossing the boundaries of modernism and postmodernism
  27. ↑ Philosophy, Iconology, Collectivization: Earth
  28. ↑ Bernard Smith (1998). Modernism's History. NewSouth Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 9780868407449.
  29. 1 2 The great secret: Silence, cinema and modernism
  30. ↑ Marcia Landy (2008). Stardom, Italian style : screen performance and personality in Italian cinema. Indiana University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780253351081.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 'And Walt Went Crazy' - Animation Obsessive
  32. 1 2 3 What Inspired UPA
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Modernism of Frank Capra and European Ethical Thought
  34. ↑ (PDF) Alberto Cavalcanti: Experimental Realism in Coal Face
  35. ↑ Barnard, Timothy (1996). "La vuelta al nido". In Barnard, Timothy; Rist, Peter H. (eds.). South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography, 1915–1994. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 13–14.
  36. ↑ Di Núbila, Domingo (1998). La época de oro. Historia del cine argentino I (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Jilguero. p. 196. ISBN 978-987-957-865-0.
  37. ↑ “Fantasia”: A Modern Approach to a Timeless Film
  38. 1 2 3 4 What is Your favorite "Mid Century" Designed Cartoon Short or Series?|Cartoon Research
  39. 1 2 BOMB Magazine|Amid Amidi's Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties Animation
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bachelor Modern: Mid–Century Style in American Movies – National Building Miuseum
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The World's Worst Director Cite error: The named reference "worstdirector" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  42. 1 2 3 Midcentury Modernism in Film – Metropolis
  43. ↑ Videology 2
  44. ↑ Veronika fuses out: Rape and medium specificity in The Cranes are Flying
  45. ↑ Perilous Betweens: On Andrzej Wajda’s “Ashes and Diamonds” (1958)
  46. ↑ Mon Oncle: M. Hulot is puzzled by Modernism
  47. ↑ "West Side Story: 60 years as a cultural barometer". Folger Shakespeare Library. October 19, 2021.
  48. ↑ The Making and Impact of One Hundred and One Dalmatians|The Walt Disney Family Museum
  49. ↑ 2010 at the Arthouse: White Material and The Illusionist – The Long Take
  50. ↑ Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962)
  51. ↑ Modernism and Dystopia: Catherine Opie Interviewed
  52. ↑ Mel Brooks–Seriously! – Google Books (pg.105)
  53. 1 2 "Early Anime Features: Two 1960s Classics |". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  54. ↑ Classic=Modern Godard's Bande à part, McTiernan's The Thomas Crown Affair and the Question of Cinematic Modernity, in : Shida Studies in Art History, vol.1, 2011, pp. 285-330
  55. 1 2 3 Moscow Palace of Pioneers in the Cinema: A History Frozen in Time
  56. 1 2 Modernism in Film – Inter Neorealist Antonioni and 'Blow Up'
  57. 1 2 Shinoda: Modernizing Tradition
  58. 1 2 MUBI Collection: BEING GREEN: JIM HENSON'S EARLY SHORTS|MUBI
  59. 1 2 Designers in Context: Film, Advertising, and Modernism - The Visualist
  60. ↑ The fortress and the bard: visions of the Caucasus in Sergei Parajanov’s late films|Klassiki
  61. ↑ Screening Modernism - Cineaste Magazine
  62. 1 2 Ways of Seeing On Kira – Muratova's "Brief Encounters" and Larisa Shepit'ko's "Wings"
  63. ↑ The Criterion Channel's February 2021 Lineup | Lineup | The Criterion Collection
  64. 1 2 3 Socialism in the Films of Kira Muratova
  65. ↑ Jim Jarmusch on the “All-Time Greatest L.A. Crime Film” - CRITERION on YouTube
  66. 1 2 Festival Express|BAMPFA
  67. ↑ Watch the Surrealist Glass Harmonica|International Times
  68. ↑ Hollis Frampton’s Collected Writings
  69. ↑ ‘Easy Rider’ at 56: A Revolutionary Road-Trip Film that Heralded a New Era of Filmmaking
  70. ↑ Four films: crossing the boundaries of modernism and postmodernism
  71. ↑ Sharp, Jasper (July 3, 2006). "Round-Up #22: Anime special". Midnight Eye. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  72. ↑ ‘Fantastic Planet’ Review: Science Fiction Has Never Appeared As Radical, Nor Bleak
  73. ↑ Fabian, Jenny (April 21, 2000), "Jung hearts run free", The Guardian.
  74. ↑ Cantilever City Brutalist Architecture in (Soviet) Cinema
  75. 1 2 Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube
  76. ↑ ANDREI TARKOVSKY'S THE MIRROR (1975)|366 WEIRD MOVIES
  77. 1 2 Hoad, Phil (2022-08-22). "Bubble Bath review – hallucinogenic animated musical is a work of 70s genius". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  78. 1 2 "Habfürdő in the 2020-2021 Season of Classic Films Catalogue". Gyorgy Kovasznai NEW. 2020-11-17. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  79. ↑ Project MUSE – Modernism and Vietnam: Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 The Essential Digital Modernist Movies, a list by Nikita Lavretski · Letterboxd
  81. 1 2 CINE-FILE SELECTS: SON OF THE WHITE MARE – CINEFILE.info
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Modernism for the masses: the lost glories of Film on Four – Prospect Magazine
  83. ↑ Антигерои Балабанова временами явно напоминают героев Кафки
  84. ↑ Антигерои Балабанова временами явно напоминают героев Кафки
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 Why Jafar Panahi’s Best Films Are Largely Unknown
  86. ↑ Khrustalyov, My Car! – Senses of Cinema
  87. ↑ No Substitute for the Soul: 25 years of Steven Spielberg’s emotional sci-fi A.I. Artificial Intelligence · Journal · Letterboxd
  88. ↑ "ten" (2002) - abbas kiarostami
  89. ↑ Immersed In Movies: Disney/Dali ‘Destino’ Art: Lost, Found and Reconstructed
  90. ↑ Антигерои Балабанова временами явно напоминают героев Кафки
  91. ↑ Антигерои Балабанова временами явно напоминают героев Кафки
  92. ↑ Hard To Be A God - Aleksei German and Modernism – Scout Tafoya on YouTube
  93. ↑ Реванш модерна: Висконти в Зубровке
  94. 1 2 Mironescu, Andreea (2017). "In-Between Histories: Intermedial Configurations in Radu Jude's Collage Film "The Dead Nation"". Jazyk a kultúra. 31–32: 103–111 – via ResearchGate.
  95. ↑ Abbas Kiarostami and Nature: Part 1 — The Poetry of Landscape
  96. 1 2 Lazar, Veronica; Gorzo, Andrei (January 2019). "An updated political modernism: Radu Jude and "I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians"". Close Up: Film and Media Studies. 3 (1–2): 7–19 – via ResearchGate.
  97. ↑ The Brutalist Architecture of Dune Rule-breaking Designs for the Future (PDF)
  98. ↑ Bleasdale, John (22 August 2025). "(Review) Dracula: It's hard to resist the irreverence of Radu Jude's overstuffed vampire parody". Sight And Sound. British Film Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  99. ↑ Films by Zoltán Huszárik (1963-1979): life, death and one incredible box set
  100. ↑ Jennifer Lynde Barker (December 13, 2021). "Crafting Animation: Hermína Týrlová's Fuzzy Modernism". MAI. Retrieved 18 April 2026.
  101. ↑ Scret Museums: The Films of Arthur Lipsett – Google Books (ch."Introduction")
  102. ↑ Modernity and consumer culture in Visconti's early films
  103. ↑ The Palgrave Handbook of Experimental Cinema – Google Books (pg.524)
  104. ↑ A Rich Tapestry of Black Experience: Close–Up on Oscar Micheaux's WITHIN OUR GATES, a story by MUBI · Letterboxd
  105. ↑ Perry, Ted (2006). Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347718.
  106. ↑ Modernism and Film - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies
  107. ↑ Murphy, Richard (2007). "Modernism and the Cinema: Metropolis and the Expressionist Aesthetic". Comparative Critical Studies. 4 (1): 105–120. doi:10.3366/ccs.2007.4.1.105. S2CID 145016904.
  108. ↑ Vertigo - Cinema and Media Studies - Oxford Bibliographies
  109. ↑ "Modernism and Citizen Kane" by George R. Robinson - BMCC
  110. ↑ The Big Sleep: Cinema and Modernism > National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea
  111. ↑ German Cinema, 1920-1930 — Modernism Lab
  112. ↑ Kovács, András Bálint (2006). "Sartre, the Philosophy of Nothingness, and the Modern Melodrama". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 64 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00235.x. JSTOR 3700498.
  113. ↑ Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity —— Edward Dimendberg|Harvard University Press
  114. ↑ Cinema and modernism - The British Library
  115. ↑ The forgotten glamour and modernism of 1930s Italian cinema sets – Museum Crush
  116. ↑ Modernism, Montage, and Social Commentary in Early City Films — Indiana University Cinema
  117. ↑ Hollywood Modernism: Film and Politics in the Age of the New Deal
  118. ↑ How Chantal Akerman's modernist masterpiece changed cinema - BBC Culture
  119. ↑ Screening Modernism —— Cineaste Magazine
  120. ↑ Anthology Film Archives : Film Screenings
  121. ↑ American Stranger: Modernisms, Hollywood, and the Cinema of Nicholas Ray (Suny Series) (Paperback)|University Press Books/Berkeley
  122. ↑ Sirk/Fassbinder: Melodrama Mutations|White City Cinema
  123. ↑ Evans, Victoria L. (2017). Douglas Sirk, Aesthetic Modernism and the Culture of Modernity. ISBN 9781474409391. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1pwt8s4.
  124. ↑ Battleship Potemkin makes us strong|World cinema|The Guardian
  125. ↑ American Stranger - Google Books
  126. ↑ Key avant-garde films from the roaring '20s :: September 2011 :: Cassone
  127. ↑ The sad and the beautiful : Val Lewton and Vincette Minnelli at the Stanford Theatre|The Stanford Daily
  128. ↑ Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema - Indiana University Press
  129. ↑ THE WORK OF IDA LUPINO EARNS SOME OVERDUE PRAISE - Chicago Tribune
  130. ↑ Table of Contents: Masterpieces of modernist cinema/ - Villanova University
  131. ↑ Modernity: A Film by Alfred Hitchcock — Senses of Cinema
  132. ↑ Established Modernism, 1962-1966 - Chicago Scholarship
  133. ↑ “ ‘Saved from the Blessings of Civilization’: Stagecoach, the West, and American Vernacular Modernism” - Michael Valdez Moses, Duke University
  134. ↑ Yasujiro Ozu: 10 essential films|BFI
  135. ↑ The Rashomon Effect|The Current|The Criterion Collection
  136. ↑ A Quickie Look at the Life & Career of Tex Avery - Bright Lights Film Journal
  137. ↑ Tex Avery: Arch-Radicalizer of the Hollywood Cartoon - Bright Lights Journal
  138. ↑ That's All, Folks - The Washington Post
  139. ↑ The 100 Most Influential Sequences in Animation History - Vulture
  140. ↑ The Cartoon Renegades - The New York Times
  141. ↑ Alternative Visions: Animation|BAMPFA
  142. ↑ Independent Spirits: Faith Hubley/John Hubley (2003) - Turner Classic Movies
  143. ↑ Wolfgram Evans, Noell K. (26 April 2011). Animators of Film and Television: Nineteen Artists, Writers, Producers and Others. McFarland. ISBN 9780786448326.
  144. ↑ Amit Chaudhuri on Satyajit Ray's very Indian modernity: Not a 'beginning' as much as a 'fruition' - Scroll.in
  145. ↑ Cinema, Emergence, and the Films of Satyajit Ray - Google Books (pg.195)
  146. ↑ The Riddle of the Chicken: The Work of Norman McLaren — Senses of Cinema
  147. ↑ The world of Len Lye|Govett-Brewster Art Gallery|Len Lye Centre
  148. ↑ "Pretty Good for the 21st Century||Keep It Moving?
  149. ↑ Film and Literary Modernism - Google Books
  150. ↑ The Statues Still Stood: The Third Man and Third Spaces|Modernism / Modernity Print+
  151. ↑ The Development of a Modernist Narrative in Selected Film of Joseph Losey - CORE
  152. ↑ Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism on JSTOR
  153. ↑ Ten Great Movies for Placemakers —— Project for Public Spaces
  154. ↑ Rabinowitz, Paula (2002). Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism. Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-231-11481-3.
  155. ↑ Hilliker, Lee (2002). "In the Modernist Mirror: Jacques Tati and the Parisian Landscape". The French Review. 76 (2): 318–329. JSTOR 3132711.
  156. ↑ The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker|Collider
  157. ↑ Carney, Raymond (28 January 1994). The Films of John Cassavetes: Pragmatism, Modernism, and the Movies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521388153.
  158. ↑ The Daring, Original, and Overlooked "Symbiopyschotaxiplasm: Take One"|The New Yorker
  159. ↑ Blake Edwards's 'The Great Race' and 'The Party' - The New York Times
  160. ↑ The Bitter Essence of Blake Edwards|Screening the Past
  161. ↑ Filmmuseum - Program SD
  162. ↑ Hard Clarity, Vaporous Ambiguity: The Fusion of Realism and Modernism in Antonioni's early 1960s Films - Senses of Cinema
  163. ↑ Modernist Master: Michelangelo Antonioni | BAMPFA
  164. ↑ "Mr. Klein". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-23.
  165. ↑ Mr. Klein | BAMPFA
  166. ↑ Pierrot Le Fou’s Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society|Culled Culture
  167. ↑ "All right: where am I?" "Looney Tunes" Animation as Modernist Performance on JSTOR
  168. ↑ John Cassavetes: The First Dogma Director? - Bright Lights Film Journal
  169. ↑ McElhaney, Joe (February 2012). The Death of Classical Cinema: Hitchcock, Lang, Minnelli. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791481110.
  170. ↑ Klein, Scott W.; Moses, Michael Valdez (2021). A Modernist Cinema: Film Art from 1914 to 1941. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937945-3.
  171. ↑ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian
  172. ↑ Kubrick's Total Cinema: Philosophical Themes and Formal Qualities - Google Books
  173. ↑ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema
  174. ↑ Hutcheon, Linda (1990). "An epilogue: Postmodern parody: History, subjectivity, and ideology". Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 12 (1–2): 125–133. doi:10.1080/10509209009361343.
  175. ↑ Hiroshima mon amour's Unforgettable Opening|Current|The Criterion Collection
  176. ↑ Horror versus Terror in the Body Genre | CINEACTION
  177. ↑ Emile de Antonio - Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
  178. ↑ Lessons of Documentary: Reality, Representation, and Cinematic Expressivity - American Society For Aesthetics
  179. ↑ Agnès Varda Was a Living Work of Art - The Hollywood Reporter
  180. ↑ Eclipse Series 19: Chantal Akerman in the Seventies|The Criterion Collection
  181. ↑ "Here Is Your Life". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-23.
  182. ↑ Voyage into the unknown | Movies - The Guardian
  183. ↑ "A Matter of Life and Death". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-23.
  184. ↑ Hippie Modernism: Cinema and Counterculture, 1964-1974 - BAMPFA
  185. ↑ Theater 2 Hippie Modernism Shorts - BAMPFA
  186. ↑ Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia At The Berkeley Art Museum | East Bay Express
  187. ↑ Elegy to Ecstasy: Films from Canyon Cinema - BAMPFA
  188. ↑ Vulgar Modernism - Artfourm International
  189. ↑ Vulgar Modernism - Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism
  190. ↑ Simpson, Philip; Utterson, Andrew; Shepherdson, Karen J. (2004). Film Theory: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 171. ISBN 9780415259750.
  191. ↑ Five films that influenced Jean-Luc Godard|Far Out Magazine
  192. ↑ Jiří Trnka Shorts: Mature Mastery | American Cinematheque
  193. ↑ The Czech Year - Harvard Film Archive
  194. ↑ Bashara, Dan (2 April 2019). Cartoon Vision: UPA Animation and Postwar Aesthetics. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520298132.
  195. ↑ Global Animation Theory - International Perspectives at Animafest Zagreb - Bloomsbury Collections
  196. ↑ Sollors, Werner (2008). Ethnic modernism (First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass. p. 8. ISBN 9780674030916.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  197. ↑ Murray, Robin L. (2011). That's all folks? : ecocritical readings of American animated features. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 85–89. ISBN 9780803235120.
  198. ↑ Six facts about Jean-Luc Goddard – the godfather of modernist cinema|Evening Standard
  199. ↑ What Made Buster Keaton’s Comedy So Modern?|The New Yorker
  200. ↑ "The Servant". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  201. ↑ "La notte". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  202. ↑ Hoberman, J. (2021-01-01). "Hippie Medium". Artforum. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  203. ↑ "United Productions of America and Cartoon Modernism · Bosustow Family Film Collection · Indiana University Libraries Moving Image Archive". collections.libraries.indiana.edu. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  204. ↑ Troyer, Seth (2023-09-18). "12 Totally Strange and Underseen Animated Films". PopMatters. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  205. ↑ "Modernist Cinema". Meer. 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  206. ↑ Delapa, Thom (2023-11-24). "What Makes Citizen Kane the Greatest Film of All Time?". TheCollector. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  207. ↑ Anderson, Danny (2019-11-06). "How THE BIG SLEEP Made Detectives Postmodern". Film Inquiry. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  208. ↑ "Theories of Modernism in Cinema | Voices | Sylff Official Website | Cultivating Leaders of Tomorrow". Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  209. ↑ Hoberman, J. (2022-09-16). "Godard Was Cinema". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2025-10-24.
  210. ↑ Ford, H. (2012-10-29). Post-War Modernist Cinema and Philosophy: Confronting Negativity and Time. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-28352-8.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film