King Khalid International Airport (Arabic: مطار الملك خالد الدولي, romanized: Maṭār al-Malik Khālid al-Duwaliyy; IATA: RUH, ICAO: OERK) is an international airport located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[3] This airport consists of four passenger terminals with eight aero-bridges each, a mosque, and parking facilities for 11,600 vehicles. It includes a "Royal Terminal" designated for use by government officials, state guests, and the Saudi royal family. The airport has one of the world's tallest air traffic control towers, and two parallel runways, each 4,260 metres (13,980 ft) in length. It is one of the busiest airports in the Middle East. The airport is owned and operated by the state-owned Riyadh Airports Company.

The Royal Mosque was designed with a significant programme of integral art; the stained glass, by British architectural artist Brian Clarke, was a landmark work in the history of the medium, considered to be the largest and technically most advanced stained glass project of the modern period.[4]

History

Initially, the city and region was served by Riyadh International Airport. However, by the 1970s, the pre-existing airport was operating at max capacity and was surrounded by growing neighborhoods that hindered infrastructure expansion. In 1974, the planning and site selection of a replacement airport for the old airport began as part of the Airports Development Program. In 1976, construction of King Khalid International Airport (KKIA) began.[5] It was designed by architectural practice Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum,[6] was opened by HRH King Fahd on 16 November 1983, and opened for scheduled flights on 5 December of the same year. Until then, what is now Riyadh Air Base served commercial flights to and from Riyadh. Increased international and local air transport requirements for Riyadh made the change necessary. In 2021, Riyadh Air Base was shut down and is being redeveloped into King Salman Park.[7]

This airport was an alternative landing site for NASA's Space Shuttle.[8]

On 12 March 2023, the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, formally announced the establishment of Riyadh Air. Riyadh Air uses the airport as a hub.[9][10]

Structure and facilities

Terminals

Passenger terminals

Domestic Departure gate

There are five main passenger terminals at the airport, four of them were built when the airport started operations in 1983, and Terminal 5 was opened in 2016.

  • Terminal 1 is used for international flights operated by Saudi Arabian Low Cost Carriers Flynas and Flyadeal.[11]
  • Terminal 2 is used for international flights of Saudia and Riyadh Air.[12]
  • Terminal 3 now hosts domestic flights of Flynas and Flyadeal. It also hosted shuttle flights to Doha during the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[13][14]
  • Terminal 4 is used by Saudia and Riyadh Air for domestic flights.[12]
  • Terminal 5 is the newest terminal which opened in 2016, which is used by all foreign carriers for international flights.[12]

Terminals 1 to 4 were built when the airport was opened in November 1983. They are connected to each other by means of three linking buildings, each 168 metres (551 ft 2 in) long. Each terminal is triangular in plan, with a base area of 47,500 square metres (511,000 sq ft). The complex includes a modern VIPs terminal plus restaurants, cafeterias, airlines offices, government departments, hotels and rent-a-car companies counters, banks, first aid clinics and commercial shops.[citation needed]

Terminal 5 is a 106,500 square metres (1,146,000 sq ft) rectangular building which can serve 16 narrow-body or 8 wide-body aircraft. Operated by Irish airport operator Dublin Airport Authority, it is Saudi's first privately run airport terminal and can handle 12 million passengers per year.[15]

The Royal Terminal

The US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates walks with U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia James Smith after arriving at King Khalid International Airport.

Heads of state and other high-ranking VIP visitors to the kingdom are greeted in the Royal Pavilion. The Royal Pavilion has open spaces, garden areas, and fountains. A ceremonial hall 12.5 metres (41 ft 0 in) wide and 390 metres (1,279 ft 6 in) long connects it to the mosque. The design and geometry of the building are similar to those of the other terminals architecturally and in the aesthetic respect. Arriving guests can use either air bridges or escalators to enter the building from the aircraft parking area. The ceremonial area on the airside has space for special receptions involving honor guards and bands. Like the passenger terminals, the Royal Pavilion has a triangular plan, with a roof composed of 33 arched sections rising to a high point 30 metres (98 ft 5 in) above the ground level. Glass walls and windows illuminate the interior of the building.[16]

General aviation terminal

A general aviation complex has been constructed north of runway number 1 for use by private aircraft and is reached by a special access road which runs north from the airport access highway. The general aviation facility includes a passenger terminal, aircraft parking and maintenance facilities, taxiways and parking for visitors, tenants and staff. In addition to privately owned aircraft, this facility accommodates Saudia's special flight services group. It is also home to Alsalam Aircraft Company, Ltd. Programmed Depot Maintenance (PDM) on Royal Saudi Air Force aircraft is performed at the uniquely designed facility.[17]

Expansion

In July 2014, German construction company Hochtief won the bid for the airport expansion which aims at increasing its capacity from 15 million to 25 million and includes construction of a new fifth terminal.[18] The contract was valued at €1.3 billion and was carried out by Hochtief with a 55% stake, along with Indian engineering company Shapoorji Pallonji Mideast and Saudi Arabian construction company Nahdat Al Emaar. Renovation of Terminals 3 and 4 was completed in May 2019.[19]Terminal 5 was partially inaugurated on 23 May 2016.[20]

King Salman International Airport

King Salman International Airport is a proposed new airport to be built over King Khalid International Airport. The new airport will have no fewer than six parallel runways and capacity for up to 100 million passengers annually.[21]

The Royal Mosque

King Khalid Airport Mosque in Riyadh

The Royal Mosque is set within a plaza in a central position in the airport. KKIA was the first airport in Saudi Arabia to be built to then-contemporary engineering standards and the mosque was at the time of its construction the most modern mosque in the world. It was considered notable for its use of advances in construction and engineering to create a modern complex in a vernacular Arabic style. It was also noted for its programme of integral art, which was, at that time, the largest in the world[22] and married traditional Islamic decorative elements[23] with the work of contemporary artists.[24][25] Hexagonal in plan, and enclosing an area of over 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2), its scale, location and design make it the most dominant building in the passenger complex.[26] The mosque can accommodate 5,000 worshippers inside,[27] with capacity for an additional 4,000 in the surrounding plaza.[3] The mosque's dome, 33 metres (108 ft 3 in) in diameter and internally clad in polished bronze,[28] is internally separated from the lower roof of the building by a seven-foot clerestory ring of stained-glass windows, by artist Brian Clarke, below which runs a calligraphic mosaic band designed by Iranian-Armenian painter Edman Ayvazyan. The hand-cut glass and marble mosaic, measuring 250 square metres (2,700 sq ft) and fabricated with Clarke's assistance, was the largest in the world at the time.[29] The dome's apex, at 40 metres (131 ft 3 in) above the arrivals level roadway, is higher than all the other structures in the passenger complex with the exception of the control tower and minaret. At the time of its construction, the programme of decorative and integral art[30] for the mosque constituted one of the largest single art projects of the period. In the northeast corner of the mosque plaza, a minaret rises 39 metres (127 ft 11 in) above the plaza level. A spiral stairway inside the minaret provides access to loudspeakers that broadcast the prayer calls five times daily. There are 5,030 square metres (54,100 sq ft) of floor space on the main floor of the mosque and another 765 square metres (8,230 sq ft) on the mezzanine floor. A Koranic library off of the main mosque floor has 50 square metres (540 sq ft) of user space and the same amount for storage space. The library, private offices and lavatories are located along the southeast on the southwest walls.[citation needed]

Stained glass

In 1982, through the Vesti Corporation, the British architectural artist Brian Clarke was commissioned to conceive of a scheme of stained glass artworks for the interior of the Royal Mosque. Clarke made a study of Islamic ornaments at the Quran schools in Fez and Tangiers for six weeks, and produced a series of abstract designs that engaged with historical pan-Islamic decorative tradition. Completed in 1982 and containing 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) of stained glass, the Royal Mosque was considered to be the largest and technically most advanced stained glass project of the modern period, requiring the full staff of 4 stained glass factories and 150 craftsmen, taking a year to fabricate.[31] The technical demands of the designs required the revival of certain traditional manufacturing techniques, the development of new ones to accommodate the programme of ornate geometric leading, and the deployment of modern technologies and materials, including screenprinting[32] and the acid-etching of float glass.[citation needed]

Runways and aprons

Arrival area interior
Runway and apron infrastructure[33]
AspectDetails
Runways 2
Runway length 4,205 m (13,796 ft)
Runway width 60 m (200 ft)
Runway shoulders 7.5 m (25 ft) x 2
Runway paved blast pads 120 m (390 ft) x 2
Taxiway width 23 m (75 ft)
Taxiway shoulders 13 m (43 ft) x 2
The highest point of the landing 226 m (741 ft)
Cross taxiway width 28 m (92 ft)
Cross taxiway shoulders 14.5 m (48 ft) x 2
Large-sized aircraft stands 20 + 12 royal terminal
Small-sized aircraft stands 22
Cargo aircraft stands 4 (Large)
General aviation stands 36
Helipads 1 Royal terminal

Air traffic control tower

An airbridge connected to an Airbus A320

Centrally located in the passenger terminal complex, between the Royal Pavilion and the mosque is the air traffic control tower standing at 81 metres (265 ft 9 in) high. Twr Freq. 118.6E & 118.8W. GND 121.6. CD 121.8. Riyadh Dept. 120.0 Riyadh Approach 126.0[34]

There are 19 separate floor levels in the tower, including the operations area at the base of the tower and a total of 1,230 square metres (13,200 sq ft) of floor space. Six of the 19 floors are considered main floors. These include the operational level at the base of the tower, two equipment floors, an observation floor, a service floor and the cab floor at the top of the tower from which the air traffic controllers overlook the entire airport. The operations floor houses the radar control center for the airport as well as conference rooms, offices and a training area. The two equipment level contain mechanical and electrical equipment and cables, and the service floor contains a kitchen, lounge and lavatories for personnel on duty in the cab. The cab itself contains controller operating positions and electronic and communications equipment. The tower is supplied with two sources of standby power should the regular source of power be interrupted. One source is the standby power supply at the central power plant – three diesel engine generators. In addition, a 300-kilowatt diesel engine located in the tower itself can provide a secondary source of emergency power. The tower is outfitted with the most advanced electronic radar systems and data processing equipment available.[35]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinations
Air Arabia Alexandria,[36] Cairo,[37] Sharjah[38]
Air Cairo Giza,[citation needed] Sohag[citation needed]
Seasonal: Sharm El Sheikh[citation needed]
Air China Beijing–Capital[citation needed]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle[citation needed]
Air India Express Bengaluru,[39] Kozhikode,[40][better source needed] Lucknow,[citation needed] Thiruvananthapuram[41]
AirSial Islamabad,[citation needed] Lahore[citation needed]
AJet Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen[citation needed]
Akasa Air Mumbai–Shivaji[citation needed]
Azerbaijan Airlines Baku[citation needed]
azimuth Sochi[42]
BeOnd Malé[43]
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong[44]
Cebu Pacific Manila[45]
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong[citation needed]
China Southern Airlines Beijing–Daxing,[citation needed] Guangzhou,[citation needed] Shenzhen[citation needed]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta (begins 23 October 2026)[46]
Egyptair Alexandria,[36] Cairo[37]
Emirates Dubai–International[47]
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa[48]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi[49]
Fly Jinnah Islamabad[citation needed]
Flyadeal Arar,[citation needed] Cairo,[50] Damascus,[citation needed] Dubai–Al Maktoum,[citation needed] Gurayat,[citation needed] Hyderabad,[51] Islamabad,[citation needed] Karachi,[citation needed] Kuwait City,[citation needed] Lahore,[citation needed] Medina,[52] Peshawar,[citation needed] Sialkot,[citation needed] Tabuk[53]
Seasonal: Antalya,[citation needed] Bergamo (begins 2 July 2026),[54] Bodrum,[citation needed] Larnaca,[55] Prague,[56] Sarajevo,[citation needed] Trabzon[citation needed]
Flydubai Dubai–International[47]
Flynas Addis Ababa,[57] Arar,[citation needed] Assiut,[citation needed] Beirut,[citation needed] Bodrum,[citation needed] Damascus,[58] Delhi,[citation needed] Doha,[59] Dubai–Al Maktoum,[citation needed] Entebbe,[citation needed] Giza,[60] Hatay,[61] Hyderabad,[citation needed] Kozhikode,[citation needed] Lucknow,[citation needed] Moscow–Vnukovo,[62] Sohag,[citation needed] Tashkent[citation needed]
Seasonal: Abu Dhabi,[citation needed] Antalya,[citation needed] El Alamein,[63] Geneva,[citation needed] Hurghada,[citation needed] Istanbul,[citation needed] Kraków,[citation needed] Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta,[citation needed] Prague,[64] Rize–Artvin,[citation needed] Rome–Fiumicino,[65] Salalah[citation needed]
Gulf Air Bahrain[66]
IndiGo Bengaluru,[67] Hyderabad,[citation needed] Mumbai–Shivaji[citation needed]
ITA Airways Rome–Fiumicino[68]
Kam Air Kabul[citation needed]
KLM Amsterdam[69]
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City[70]
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin[71]
Lufthansa Frankfurt,[citation needed] Munich[citation needed]
Pakistan International Airlines Sialkot[citation needed]
Pegasus Airlines Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen[72]
Seasonal: Trabzon[citation needed]
Qatar Airways Doha[73]
Riyadh Air Cairo,[74] Dhaka (begins 7 August 2026),[75] Dubai–International,[76] Jeddah,[77] Kuala Lumpur–International (begins 30 July 2026),[78] London–Heathrow,[79] Madrid (begins 17 July 2026),[80] Manchester (begins 23 July 2026),[81] Mumbai–Shivaji (begins 4 August 2026)[82]
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia,[citation needed] Aqaba (begins 24 September 2026)[83]
SalamAir Muscat[citation needed]
Saudia Abha,[84] Abu Dhabi,[84] Al Baha,[84] Alexandria,[84] Al Jawf,[84] Al Ula,[84] Amman–Queen Alia,[84] Arar,[84] Athens,[84][85] Bahrain,[84] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[84][86] Beijing–Daxing,[citation needed] Bisha,[84] Cairo,[84] Casablanca,[84] Dammam,[84] Dawadmi,[84] Delhi,[84] Doha,[87][better source needed] Dubai–International,[84] Frankfurt,[84] Gassim,[84] Geneva,[84] Gurayat,[84] Ha'il,[84] Istanbul,[84] Jeddah,[84] Jizan,[84] Kochi,[84] Kozhikode,[citation needed] London–Heathrow,[84] Male,[84] Manila,[84] Moscow–Sheremetyevo,[citation needed] Mumbai–Shivaji,[84] Munich,[84] Najran,[84] Neom Bay,[84][88] New York–JFK,[84] Paris–Charles de Gaulle,[84] Phuket,[citation needed] Qaisumah,[84] Rafha,[84] Red Sea,[84] Rome–Fiumicino,[84] Sharm El Sheikh,[84] Sharurah,[84] Tabuk,[84] Ta'if,[84] Turaif,[84] Wadi al-Dawasir,[84] Washington–Dulles,[84] Yanbu,[84] Zürich[84][89]
Seasonal: Antalya,[84] Barcelona,[84] El Alamein,[84] Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta,[84] Larnaca,[84] Málaga,[84] Milan–Malpensa,[84] Mykonos,[90] Nice,[84] Venice,[84] Vienna[84]
Serene Air Peshawar[citation needed]
Singapore Airlines Singapore (resumes 1 September 2026)[91]
Sudan Airways Port Sudan[92]
Thai AirAsia X Bangkok–Don Mueang[citation needed]
US-Bangla Airlines Dhaka[citation needed]

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
Atlas Air[93] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Delhi, Hahn, Hong Kong, Zaragoza
Cathay Cargo[94] Dubai–Al Maktoum, Hong Kong
Central Airlines[95] Shenzhen
Qatar Airways Cargo[96] Doha
Saudia Cargo[97] Addis Ababa, Amsterdam, Bangalore,[97] Brussels, Dammam, Frankfurt, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hyderabad, Jeddah, Lagos, Milan–Malpensa, Mumbai, Nairobi, New York–JFK, Shanghai–Pudong, Sharjah
Turkish Cargo[98] Istanbul, Mumbai
FedEx ExpressParis–Charles de Gaulle[99]

Traffic statistics

A Saudia Boeing 747-400 at the gate
A Saudia Airbus A320 at the gate
An Etihad Airways Airbus A340 at the gate
PassengersYear5,000,00010,000,00015,000,00020,000,00025,000,00030,000,0001995200020052010201520202025PassengersAnnual passenger traffic
Statistics for King Khalid International Airport
YearTotal passengersTotal aircraft movements
1998 8,055,00070,909
1999 8,234,00073,336
2000 8,411,00074,945
2001 8,737,00075,535
2002 9,045,00075,623
2003 9,168,00074,600
2004 9,911,00077,327
2005 10,573,00084,555
2006 11,017,00094,250
2007 11,783,000112,210
2008 11,540,000114,429
2009 12,674,000127,666
2010 13,616,000129,613
2011 14,898,000135,757
2012 17,069,000153,533
2013 18,585,000161,314
2023 37,000,000[100]239,000[101]

Ground transportation

Metro

The airport is served by Line 4 of the Riyadh Metro, with the line opening on 1 December 2024.[102] The metro system helps passengers reach the city center quickly and comfortably, and the stations serving the airport include Airport T1–2, Airport T3–4 and Airport T5.[citation needed]

Future

The airport will undergo a mass expansion by 2030, by increasing its area to 57 km2. (22 sq.mi.), consisting of three to four large passenger terminals, from two runways to six runways among other facilities and amenities. It will be able to handle 120 million passengers per year after 2030, and 185 million passengers per year by 2050. This expansion will include the airport among the world's largest airports.[21][103]

Accidents and incidents

See also

References

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  2. ↑ 1 "AIP" Archived 5 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
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