The Kalmak Tatars (Siberian Tatar: ҡалмаҡтар, qalmaqtar[3]) are one of the three subgroups of Tom group of Siberian Tatars.[4] Their traditional areas of settlement are northwestern parts of Kemerovo Oblast, close to the town of Yurga.

Eastern region of the Khanate of Sibir in 1594-1598

The origins of the Kalmak Tatars trace back to the 17th century, when a group of Teleuts from the central parts of Kemerovo Oblast migrated to the north. Kalmak Tatars adopted Islam in the 18th century due to influence of Siberian Bukharans and Volga-Ural Tatars. These factors created an endogamous barrier between Kalmak Tatars and Russians, which helped Kalmak Tatars to preserve their identity.[5]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Kalmak Tatars inhabited mainly Zimnik, Bolshoy Ulus close to the town of Yurga, in the Yurginsky district, and Yurty-Konstantinovy (Тумаел, Tumael) in the Yashkinsky district, close to Tomsk oblast.

Kalmak Tatars speak Kalmak variant of the Tom dialect of the Siberian Tatar language.

Culture

The Kalmak Tatars are considered to be mostly assimilated but retain their Teleut roots. They speak a local dialect of the Siberian Tatar language.[6][5][7] However some sources consider the language of the Kalmak Tatars to be a separate variety of Tatar, or even a dialect of the Teleut language, as it somewhat differs from other Siberian Tatar varieties.[8][9][10]

The Kalmak Tatars are Sunni Muslims. They converted to Islam around the late 18th century under the influence of Volga Tatars and Siberian Bukharans.[5]

Genetics

The majority of Kalmak Tatars belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N1c1-Y16311[2] which originates from N1c1-F4205, like Mongols and Kalmyks. This differentiates them from Teleuts, whom some scholars believe the Kalmak Tatars descend from.

References

  1. ↑ Калмаки
  2. 1 2 Volkov, Vladimir (10 January 2020). "Волков В. Г., Тычинских З. А., Лавряшина М. Б., Балановская Е. В. Генофонд сибирских татар в контексте археологических и исторических данных". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Volkov" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ↑ Tom Tatars
  4. ↑ https://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/pdf/44 Ethnic processes within the Turkic population of the West Siberian plain (sixteenth-twentieth centuries)
  5. 1 2 3 "ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ У КАЛМАКОВ" (PDF). haknii.ru (in Russian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  6. ↑ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 435–436. ISBN 0-7103-0025-5.
  7. ↑ Nevskaya, Irina (2007), "Ethno-Linguistic Processes in Post-Soviet South Siberia", Cultural Changes in the Turkic World, Ergon Verlag, pp. 107–122, doi:10.5771/9783956506925-107, ISBN 9783956506925
  8. ↑ Уртегешев, Н.С. (2016). "Kalmaksky yazyk" Калмакский язык [The Kalmak language]. Yazyk i obshchestvo. Entsiklopediya Язык и общество. Энциклопедия [Language and society. Encyclopedia] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: ООО Издательский центр "Азбуковник". pp. 186–189. ISBN 978-5-91172-129-9.
  9. ↑ "Калмакский | Малые языки России". minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  10. ↑ Уртегешев, Николай С. (2018). "Kalmakov yazyk" Калмаков язык [The language of the Kalmaks]. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi. 8 (12): 65–96.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmak_Tatars