Floods in China is a natural disaster that has occurred frequently throughout Chinese history. Flooding along the Yellow River has historically been the most severe, along with flooding of the Pearl River, and flooding of the Yangtze–Huai River basin. There are numerous Chinese flood myths.

China's steep geography and subtropical and tropical climates mean that large-scale thunderstorms and tropical storms happen frequently. Since many settlements are located along waterways, high volumes of water can easily overflow river banks and cause extensive damage. Compared to other countries, a 2016 study found that China has the most expensive impact of flooding annually.[1] A 2021 estimate by Zero Carbon Analytics suggested that floods cost China USD 214 billion between 1996-2015.[2]

With climate change, these costs are likely to continue to grow;[2] for example, flooding caused $2.8 billion USD worth of damage in August 2025 and displaced as many as 10 million people.[3] Zero Carbon Analytics projected USD 479 billion by 2035 under climate change scenerios.[2]

Background

The Yellow River carries more sediment than any other river in the world, washing away 1.6 billion tonnes of loess from the Loess Plateau every year. It has long been said that the river "breaches its banks every three years, and changes course every hundred years."

According to incomplete statistics compiled in the journal People's Yellow River (Renmin Huanghe), the Yellow River breached its banks 1,593 times during the roughly three to four hundred years before 1946.[4]: 22  In 602 BCE, the river's first recorded course change took it northeast of present-day Hua County, shifting the channel about 80 km eastward to empty into the Bohai Sea near present-day Huanghua; this course became known as the Han-dynasty channel.[citation needed] Between 602 BCE and 1851 CE, the Yellow River changed course twenty-five times.[4]: 29 

From 1194 to 1855, the river used the channel of the Huai River as its outlet to the sea, an episode referred to as "the Yellow River seizing the Huai." On 15 September 1855, the river breached its banks at Weishan in a historic twenty-sixth course change, after which the former channel through northern Jiangsu ran dry.[4]: 29, 38 

Pre-Qin period

According to the myth of the Great Flood of Gun-Yu, during the reign of the ruler Emperor Yao, flooding was widespread and the population suffered greatly. Yao appointed Gun, Earl of Chong to control the flooding of the Yellow River, but Gun's method of building embankments along the riverbanks only caused the water to rise higher. After nine years, the flooding had not been resolved and had in fact worsened.

After Emperor Shun succeeded to the throne, the flooding remained unresolved, and since Gun had died, Shun turned instead to Gun's son Yu the Great. Yu adopted a method completely different from his father's and achieved notable success.

By the time of the Shang dynasty, all five relocations of the Shang capital are said to have been caused by flooding.[citation needed]

Han dynasty

During the Han dynasty, in the third year of the Yuanshou era (120 BCE), heavy rain fell east of the passes and the population suffered from famine. Emperor Wu of Han "relocated the poor to the region west of the passes, and more than 700,000 people were sent to fill Shuofang and the region to its south" (Records of the Grand Historian, "Treatise on the Balanced Standard").

In 11 CE, the Yellow River breached its banks for the second time northwest of present-day Puyang. The river channel shifted 40 kilometers eastward, entering the Bohai Sea near present-day Lijin County, a course historically known as the "Eastern Han River".[citation needed]

In the first year of the Yanguang era (122 CE), the Yellow River flooded.[citation needed]

Jin dynasty

In the fourth year of the Yongjia era of the Western Jin (310 CE), a great flood struck the region east of the Yangtze in the fourth month. The court astrologer Li Chunfeng attributed it to the fact that "at the time Wang Dao and others secretly harbored plans to support the heir, and yin energy was in excess."[5]

In the fifth year of the Xianhe era under Emperor Cheng of the Eastern Jin (330 CE), a great flood occurred in the fifth month, attributed to the fact that "the ruling emperor was young, his mother governed as regent, and Yu Liang, as senior maternal uncle, decided matters within the palace. Yin overcame yang."[6]

Northern and Southern dynasties

In the fourteenth year of the Tianjian era of Emperor Wu of Liang (515 CE), in the third month, Liang forces dammed the Huai River in order to flood Shouyang by backing up its waters. In the fourth month the dam was completed but then breached again; the army "felled trees to build cribwork, filled it with huge stones, and piled earth on top," which stripped the hills, trees and stones within a hundred li along the Huai, wearing through the shoulders of the laborers who carried the loads. In the summer heat, epidemic disease broke out and the dead lay heaped upon one another, with the sound of flies and insects continuing day and night. A major epidemic followed. "That winter it was bitterly cold, and the Huai and Si rivers froze solid; seventy or eighty percent of the soldiers guarding the Fushan Dam died." The following year, "in the fourth month of summer, the Huai dam was completed, nine li long, one hundred forty zhang wide at the base and forty-five zhang wide at the top, twenty zhang high, planted with willows, with army encampments arrayed along its top." By "the ninth month, on the day dingchou, the Huai River suddenly rose and the dam collapsed with a roar heard for three hundred li; more than one hundred thousand people from the garrisons and villages along the Huai were swept out to sea."[7]

Sui dynasty

In the eighteenth year of the Kaihuang era (598 CE), a great flood struck the prefectures of Henan; this was attributed to the fact that "at the time Empress Dugu interfered in state affairs, killed palace attendants indiscriminately, and had the chancellor dismissed, while Yang Su held excessive power—flooding is a yin phenomenon, a response to the excessive strength of consorts and subjects."[8]

In the second year of the Renshou era, ninth month (602 CE): "On the day renchen, the prefectures north and south of the Yellow River suffered great flooding, and the Minister of Works, Yang Da [zh], was sent to provide relief."[9]

In the autumn of the seventh year of the Daye era of Emperor Yang of Sui (611 CE): "A great flood submerged more than thirty commanderies in Shandong and Henan, and the people sold themselves and their children into slavery."[10]

Tang dynasty

In the seventh year of the Yuanhe era, fifth month, on the day gengshen (812 CE), Emperor Xianzong said to his chancellors: "You have repeatedly reported that Huainan and the two Zhe circuits suffered flood and drought last year, yet a censor has recently returned from there and says it did not amount to a disaster—what is the truth of the matter?" Li Jiang replied: "According to the memorials from Huainan, Zhexi and Zhedong, all report flood and drought, with many people fleeing their homes and requesting relief and resettlement; their tone suggests they fear being blamed by the court, so how could they falsely claim disaster where none occurred? This must be censors seeking to flatter the throne for their own gain—I ask that their names be obtained and the law applied to them."[11]

In the autumn of the twelfth year of the Dali era (777 CE), heavy rains caused a disaster and crop losses were severe. When censors made their rounds and reported back, the affected counties together reported losses of 31,195 qing of farmland. The emperor then ordered the censor Zhu Ao to reinspect, and he reported that Weinan alone had lost more than 3,000 qing. The emperor said to Zhu Ao: "It is the duty of county magistrates to care for the people—even where there has been no loss, they ought to claim one; if there has been loss and it goes unreported, how can that reflect any concern for the suffering of the people?"[12]

Song dynasty

In the eighth year of the Qingli era of the Song (1048 CE), the river's third recorded course change occurred at present-day Changhu Ji, east of Puyang, shifting the channel about 80 km westward; the water then split into two branches, both emptying into the Bohai Sea near present-day Tianjin.

In the sixth year of the Dading era of Emperor Shizong of Jin (1166 CE), the river's fourth recorded course change occurred near present-day Yuanwu, with the river flowing to Xuzhou, joining the Si River and the Huai River, and emptying into the Yellow Sea.

According to the Gazetteer of Xiangfu County and the Kaifeng Yellow River Gazetteer, the Yellow River breached its banks within Kaifeng County in the twentieth year of the Dading era (1180 CE).[citation needed]

Ming dynasty

During the Ming dynasty, the Yellow River flooded 143 times, including the 1410 Yellow River flood. Between the first and fourteenth years of the Chongzhen era, the Yellow River breached its banks in eleven separate years, an occurrence too frequent for the histories to record in full.[citation needed]

Qing dynasty

In the tenth year of the Shunzhi era, heavy rain caused a disaster: "in the flooded areas of Zhili, the people fled in droves, old and young supporting one another, seeking food in Shandong. But because the laws against harboring refugees were strict, no one dared take them in, and the refugees wandered on, crying out."[13] Wei Yijie wrote the poem "Lament for the Refugees": "Fields and homes drowned, no dry ground left, refugees stream southward one after another. Who expected the southern provinces would not dare take them in? By day they shut their doors and crouch inside. Before the eaves none dares linger long, for fear the local people will show no mercy. Above, the vast heavens look down; below, the little children gaze up—what is to be done? ... O boundless heaven, have pity on this multitude."[14]

In the forty-seventh and forty-eighth years of the Kangxi era (1708 and 1709), Tongxiang suffered successive droughts and floods; Wang Wengui [zh] "set up gruel kitchens and established medical dispensaries" to relieve the starving population.

In the fourth year of the Yongzheng era (1726), western Zhejiang suffered flooding, and Wang Wengui was the first to organize relief, "providing food for the starving."[15]

In the ninth year of the Jiaqing era (1804), western Zhejiang suffered flooding, and the provincial governor Ruan Yuan carried out measures such as selling grain at reduced prices, distributing relief, and lending seed to help the population through the disaster.[16]

In the third year of the Daoguang era (1823), Zhili suffered a great flood affecting 120 counties; Viceroy Jiang Youxian [zh] requested and received 1.8 million taels of silver from the treasury to repair the Yongding River.[17]

On 2 August 1841 (the sixteenth day of the sixth month of the twenty-first year of the Daoguang era), the Yellow River breached its banks at the thirty-first levee of the upper flood-control section in Xiangfu County (present-day Kaifeng). From 3 to 6 August the water depth remained at roughly 14–15 chi, and in Henan Province "those who drowned [...] were beyond count." On 8 August the water rose further and broke through Kaifeng's protective outer embankment; at least thirteen counties were flooded, including Xingze, Zhongmou, Zhengzhou, Neihuang, Fengqiu, Kaocheng, Wuzhi, Meng County, Yuanwu and Mengjin. From 24 August to 1 September, emergency repairs were made to the city's protective embankment, but the floodwaters continued to surge in. The breach was not finally repaired until 3 April of the following year, after eight months of work and at a cost of at least 5 million taels of silver. The flood affected five prefectures and twenty-three counties across Henan and Anhui provinces, and coincided with the Battle of Chinhai.[4]: 3–8 [18]

On 22 August 1842 (the twenty-second year of the Daoguang era), a violent storm blew in from the southwest and the lower Yellow River breached its banks by more than 190 zhang at Cuizhen, north of Taoyuan County (present-day Siyang). The disaster affected Taoyuan and Xiao counties in the northern Jiangsu region; in Taoyuan County alone, 26,680 people required relief.[4]: 10–14 

On 23 July 1843 (the twenty-third year of the Daoguang era), further heavy rain caused a breach at the ninth levee of the lower flood-control section at Zhongmou. Continuous heavy rain from 6 to 8 August spread the flooding across dozens of counties in Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu. Repair work proceeded slowly and was not completed until 2 February 1845.[4]: 16–18 

In the ninth year of the Guangxu era (1883), Shuntian Prefecture suffered flooding, and the prefect, Zhou Jiamei [zh], obtained approval to set up gruel kitchens in the townships and outside the six city gates of the capital. In the thirteenth year of Guangxu (1887), the Yellow River breached its banks (the 1887 Yellow River flood) and Shuntian again suffered flooding; Zhen Jun's Random Notes Heard in the Capital records that "in the eastern suburbs of the capital there was a great flood, and Tongzhou's waters nearly reached the city walls; from then on there was scarcely a year without flooding." In the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), Shuntian again suffered a great flood; within the capital "there was no roof that did not leak, no wall that did not lean," "people set up umbrellas as makeshift shelters to sleep under," and "prices for all goods in the markets soared, and goods, especially vegetables, became hard to obtain—truly an extraordinary calamity."

On 26 July 1903 (the twenty-ninth year of the Guangxu era), the 1903 Zhifu flood struck. The Donghe River (beneath present-day Jiefang Road in Yantai) and the Xihetao (present-day southwestern Zhifu district of Yantai) turned into raging torrents within moments; the embankments collapsed and homes, along with large numbers of people and livestock, were swept directly out to sea. Floodwater several feet deep, with swirling currents, filled the former premises of the Chefoo Club [zh] and Changyu Pioneer Wine Company. The bodies of many people and animals were even found hanging in trees. The disaster destroyed more than 3,000 homes and killed more than 600 people, out of a total population in the Zhifu commercial port of only about 30,000 at the time.

In 1908 (the thirty-fourth year of the Guangxu era), the 1908 West River flood [zh] occurred.

Republic of China (mainland period)

The table below records major individual flood disasters, ranked by the number of deaths and the severity of property damage. Each entry refers to a single disaster confined to a specific region and time period; it does not cover broad, ongoing flooding statistics for an entire year.

Flood Date River system Deaths Notes
1915 Pearl River flood [zh] 1915 Pearl River 10,000 Death toll is an incomplete estimate. The province of Guangdong had 3.78 million people affected, with 100,000+ dead, injured, or affected by disease.[19][20][21][22] An estimated 6 million people were affected across Guangdong and Guangxi, and the urban center of Guangzhou was flooded for seven days.[19][23]
1921 Jianghuai flood [zh] 1921 Yangtze–Huai 25,000 More than 7.66 million people affected.[24]
1931 China floods 1931 Yangtze–Huai Hundreds of thousands to several million One of the deadliest floods in history; affected Wuhan, Nanjing, Gaoyou and Shanghai, among other areas, with 51.27 million people affected.[23][25][26][27]
1932 Songhua River flood [zh] 1932 Songhua River 20,000 1.9 million hectares of farmland flooded; the city of Harbin remained underwater for over a month.[23]
1933 Yellow River flood [zh] 1933 Yellow River 12,700 6,600 square km flooded, affecting 2.73 million people.[23][4]
1935 Yangtze flood 1935 Yangtze 142,000 More than 10 million people affected.[23]
1938 Yellow River flood 1938 Yellow River Unknown On 9 June 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the National Revolutionary Army breached the dikes at Huayuankou near Zhengzhou, Henan, in an attempt to halt the advancing Japanese army by flooding; the direct death toll from the flooding itself is unknown.[28] Various estimates suggest that between 1938 and 1947 the flood directly or indirectly killed between 300,000 and over 800,000 people across Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu.[28][29][30] Beyond drowning, some of the deaths were caused by disease or famine, and the statistics also encompass the 1939 Tianjin flood and the famine of 1942-1943.[29][30][31] Japanese forces also suffered casualties as a result.[28][30]
1939 Tianjin flood 1939 Hai River 13,300 Following continuous heavy rain and the breaching of river dikes by Japanese forces, 80% of urban Tianjin was flooded, more than 100,000 homes were destroyed, over 8 million people were affected, 650,000 residents of Tianjin and its surrounding areas became refugees, and direct economic losses were estimated at about 600 million fabi.[23]

People's Republic of China

Major individual flood events

As with the table above, this section records major individual flood disasters ranked by death toll and severity of damage, each confined to a specific region and time period, and does not cover overall annual flood statistics.

Flood Date River system Deaths Notes
1951 Liao River flood [zh] 1951 Liao River 6,213 Affected Liaoning and Jilin provinces.[23][32]
1954 Yangtze floods 1954 Yangtze, Huai 33,000[33] 18.88 million people affected.[23]
1958 Yellow River flood 1958 Yellow River — 1,708 villages submerged, affecting 740,800 people.[34]
1959 East River flood [zh] 1959 Pearl River 78[35] —
1963 North China flood [zh] 1963 Hai River 5,154[36] Seriously affected Beijing (35 deaths) and Hebei, including Tianjin (5,119 deaths).[36][37]
1969 Yangtze River flood [zh] 1969 Yangtze 1,603[27] Several dams and reservoirs failed or were breached; 710,000 homes collapsed.
1975 Banqiao Dam failure 1975 Huai River 240,000 62 dams and reservoirs failed, including the Banqiao Dam.
1979 Xizhi River flood [zh] 1979 Pearl River 151[35] —
1981 Sichuan flood [zh] 1981 Yangtze 888 20 million people affected.[38]
1982 North River flood [zh] 1982 Pearl River 493[35] Included the 1982 Qingyuan flood disaster [zh], which killed 206 people and left 16 missing.[39]
1982 Yellow River flood [zh] 1982 Yellow River — 1,303 villages in the floodplain submerged, affecting 932,700 people.[40]
1983 Ankang flood [zh] 1983 Yangtze 870 Reservoir releases upstream were not communicated in time and evacuation lagged behind the flood.[41]
1986 eastern Guangdong flood [zh] 1986 Coastal rivers 261[35] —
Gouhou Dam failure [zh] 1993 — 328[42] The Gouhou Reservoir in Gonghe County, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, failed catastrophically.
1994 West and North River floods [zh] 1994 Pearl River 480[35] Floods in June killed 371 and floods in July killed 109.[35] The largest flood on the West and North rivers since the founding of the People's Republic, and the second-largest flood on either river in the twentieth century.[35][43]
1998 China floods 1998 Yangtze, Songhua, Nen River 3,656[44] A total of 4,150 deaths from flooding were recorded nationwide for 1998 as a whole.[45] The figures for this event are disputed.[46]
Shalan Town flood of 2005 2005 Songhua River 117 Caused by a flash flood and debris flow.
2007 Jinan flood [zh] 2007 Yellow River 25 A further 4 people were reported missing.
2007 Lushi flood [zh] 2007 Yellow River 78 A further 18 people were reported missing.
2007 Ankang flood [zh] 2007 Yangtze 19[47] A further 37 people were reported missing.
2008 Shenzhen flood [zh] 2008 Pearl River 6 Urban flash flood. One more person was reported missing, and 1,000 sites of urban waterlogging were recorded citywide.
2010 Lushi flood [zh] 2010 Yellow River 3 5,589 homes collapsed, with direct economic losses of 1.29 billion yuan.
2010 Zhouqu mudslide 2010 Yangtze 1,557 Heavy rain triggered a mudslide and formed a barrier lake. A further 284 people were reported missing.
2011 Beijing flood [zh] 2011 Hai River — Caused severe urban waterlogging in Beijing.
July 2012 Beijing flood 2012 Hai River 79 1.602 million people affected; economic losses of 11.64 billion yuan.
2013 Fushun flood [zh] 2013 Hun River 76[48] A further at least 88 people were reported missing. Direct economic losses exceeded 1.7 billion yuan; 61,700 homes were damaged and 1,274 households (3,314 rooms) collapsed. 30,790 hectares of crops were affected, of which 21,760 hectares suffered damage and 9,750 hectares a total loss.
2013 Ningbo flood [zh] 2013 Yong River 1 Economic losses exceeded 33.3 billion yuan; 2.48 million people affected.
2016 Xingtai flood [zh] 2016 Hai River 130 A further 110 people were reported missing.
Xinjiang Sheyuegou Reservoir dam failure [zh] 2018 — 20 A further 8 people were reported missing.
2018 Shouguang flood [zh] 2018 Mi River 13 A further 3 people were reported missing.
2021 Henan floods 2021 Yellow River, Huai River 398 A further 50 people were reported missing.
2023 China floods 2023 Hai River 62 A further 34 people were reported missing.
2023 September Pearl River Delta floods [zh] 2023 Pearl River 15 Death toll includes Hong Kong and Guangxi.
2024 Zixing flood [zh] 2024 Yangtze, Pearl River 50 A further 15 people were reported missing.[49]

Flooding statistics by year

The tables below present flood-related casualty statistics from 1950 to the present, based on official figures published by the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China in a 2025 report.[50][45]

Years with the highest death tolls

Years with at least 5,000 flood-related deaths
Year Officially reported flood deaths[50] See also
19517,8191951 Liao River flood [zh]
195442,4471954 Yangtze floods
195610,676
19606,033
19615,074
196310,4411963 North China flood [zh]
197529,6531975 Banqiao Dam failure
19815,8321981 Sichuan flood [zh]
19825,3231982 North River flood [zh]; 1982 Yellow River flood [zh]
19837,2381983 Ankang flood [zh]
19915,113Eastern China flood of 1991
19945,3401994 West and North River floods [zh]
19965,840

2000s

Year Officially reported flood deaths[50] See also
20001,942
20011,605
20021,819
20031,551
20041,282
20051,6602005 Shalan flood
20062,2762006 southern China floods [zh]
20071,2302007 Jinan flood [zh]; 2007 Lushi flood [zh]; 2007 Ankang flood [zh]
2008633 (missing: 232)2008 South China floods; 2008 Shenzhen floods [zh]
2009538 (missing: 110)

2010s

Year Officially reported flood deaths[50] See also
20103,222 (missing: 1,003)2010 China floods; 2010 Zhouqu mudslide; 2010 Lushi flood [zh]
2011519 (missing: 121)2011 southern China floods [zh]; 2011 autumn China floods [zh]; 2011 Beijing flood [zh]
2012673 (missing: 159)2012 China floods; July 2012 Beijing flood
2013775 (missing: 374)2013 Macau flood [zh]; 2013 Southwest China floods; 2013 Ningbo flood [zh]; 2013 Fushun flood [zh]
2014486 (missing: 91)
2015319 (missing: 81)2015 China floods
2016686 (missing: 207)2016 southern China floods; 2016 Xingtai flood [zh]
2017316 (missing: 39)
2018187 (missing: 32)2018 western China floods [zh]; Xinjiang Sheyuegou Reservoir dam failure [zh]; 2018 Shouguang flood [zh]
2019573 (missing: 85)

2020s

Year Officially reported flood deaths[50] See also
2020230 (missing: 49)2020 southern China floods
2021512 (missing: 78)2021 Henan floods; 2021 China floods
2022143 (missing: 28)
2023309 (including missing)2023 Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei floods; 2023 September Pearl River Delta floods [zh]
2024436 (including missing)2024 Guangdong floods; 2024 Zixing floods [zh]; 2024 Huludao floods [zh]
2025at least 602025 Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei floods [zh]
20266 confirmed dead, 11 missing as of 8 July 20262026 Guangxi floods [zh]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Counting the Costs of Floods in China". CWR. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. 1 2 3 Team, Z. C. A. (2021-09-25). "The cascading economic cost of climate disasters for China". Zero Carbon Analytics. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  3. ↑ "Natural disasters cost China $2.8 billion in August". Reuters. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Li, Wenhai; Liu, Yangdong; Xia, Mingfang (December 1994). 中國近代十大災荒 [Ten Great Disasters of Modern China] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House.
  5. ↑ Book of Jin, vol. 27, "Treatise on the Five Phases, Part 1," p. 815.
  6. ↑ Book of Jin, vol. 27, "Treatise on the Five Phases, Part 1," p. 815.
  7. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 148, "Annals of Liang, Emperor Wu, Part 4."
  8. ↑ Book of Sui, vol. 22, "Treatise on the Five Phases, Part 1," p. 622.
  9. ↑ Book of Sui, vol. 2, "Annals of Emperor Gao, Part 2," p. 47.
  10. ↑ Book of Sui, vol. 4, "Annals of Emperor Yang, Part 2," p. 83.
  11. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 238.
  12. ↑ Old Book of Tang, vol. 129, "Biography of Han Huang."
  13. ↑ Veritable Records of Emperor Shizu of Qing, vol. 77.
  14. ↑ Wei Yijie, Selected Poems from the Jianji Hall, vol. 17.
  15. ↑ Anecdotes of the Qing Categorized, "Honesty and Frugality."
  16. ↑ Ruan Yuan, "Postscript to the Illustration of Porridge Relief at Xiachuan," in Collected Essays on Statecraft of the Qing, vol. 42.
  17. ↑ Chronological Biography from the Shengyi Studio; Draft Biographies of the Qing, vol. 34.
  18. ↑ Storozum, Michael; Lu, Peng; Wang, Sanying; Chen, Panpan; Yang, Ruixia; Ge, Qifeng; Cao, Jinping; Wan, Junwei; Wang, Hui; Qin, Zhen; Liu, Haiwang (2020-02-28). "Geoarchaeological evidence of the AD 1642 Yellow River flood that destroyed Kaifeng, a former capital of dynastic China". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60169-1. ISSN 2045-2322. Retrieved 2026-04-16.
  19. 1 2 "Zhòngdà hóngshuǐ jǐngshìlù——"yǐmǎo hóngshuǐ"" 重大洪水警示录——"乙卯洪水" [A warning from major floods: the "Yimao flood"] (in Chinese). Guangdong Provincial Department of Water Resources. 2020-05-11. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26.
  20. ↑ ""Yǐmǎo shuǐzāi" bǎinián jì" zhì guǎngzhōu shìmín gōngkāixìn" 公开信："乙卯水灾"百年祭 [Open letter marking the centenary of the "Yimao flood"]. Guǎngzhōu shì shuǐwù jú 广州市水务局 (in Chinese). 2015-06-15. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26.
  21. ↑ Xia Hanping (夏汉平) (June 1999). "Lùn chángjiāng yǔ zhūjiāng liúyù de shuǐzāi, shuǐtǔ liúshī jí zhíbèi shēngtài huīfù gōngchéng" 论长江与珠江流域的水灾、水土流失及植被生态恢复工程 [On flooding, soil erosion and vegetation restoration in the Yangtze and Pearl River basins] (PDF). Rèdài dìlǐ 热带地理 [Tropical Geography] (in Chinese). 19 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-26.
  22. ↑ Zheng Zelong (郑泽隆) (2018-08-06). "Wàiguórén yǎn zhōng "qiánsuǒwèiyǒu de hóngzāi"" 外国人眼中"前所未有的洪灾" [An "unprecedented flood" as seen by foreigners]. Zhōngguó dàng'àn zīxún wǎng 中国档案咨询网 (in Chinese). China Archives News. Archived from the original on 2018-11-29.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Wǒguó jìn bǎinián yǒu nǎxiē dà de hóngshuǐ zāihài?" 我国近百年有哪些大的洪水灾害？ [What major flood disasters has China experienced in the past century?]. Fènghuáng Wǎng 凤凰网 [Ifeng] (in Chinese). Xinhuanet. 2007-07-15. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25.
  24. ↑ Jiang Tao (姜涛) (2016-03-19). "1921 nián Gāoyóu hóngzāi zhàopiàn shǒucì lòumiàn xùnqī kāiqǐ Guīhǎibà Lǐxiàhé jīshuǐ chéngzāi (zǔtú)" 1921年高邮洪灾照片首次露面 汛期开启归海坝 里下河积水成灾(组图) [Photos of the 1921 Gaoyou flood surface for the first time]. Sohu (in Chinese). Yangzhou Evening News. Archived from the original on 2020-11-02.
  25. ↑ Cui Naifu (崔乃夫) (1991-08-27). "Guānyú jīnnián jiùzāi qíngkuàng de huìbào" 关于今年救灾情况的汇报 [Report on this year's disaster relief work]. National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-07-25.
  26. ↑ "Huázhōng hóngzāi, 1931" 華中洪災，1931 [Central China Flood, 1931] (in Chinese). DisasterHistory.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-13.
  27. 1 2 Men Kepei (门可佩), Gao Jianguo (高建国) (February 2008). "Zhòngdà zāihài liàn jí qí fángyù" 重大灾害链及其防御 [Major disaster chains and their prevention] (PDF). Dìqiúwùlǐxué Jìnzhǎn 地球物理学进展 [Progress in Geophysics] (in Chinese). 23 (1): 270–275. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-26.
  28. 1 2 3 "1938 nián Huāyuánkǒu cǎn'àn: sǐwáng rénshù dá Nánjīng Dàtúshā sānbèi" 1938年花园口惨案：死亡人数达南京大屠杀三倍 [The 1938 Huayuankou tragedy: death toll reported at three times that of the Nanjing Massacre]. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (in Chinese). Huanqiu. 2015-06-09. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.
  29. 1 2 Muscolino, Micah. "Huáng Hé dà hóngzāi, 1938-47" 黄河大洪灾，1938-47 [Yellow River Flood, 1938–1947] (in Chinese). DisasterHistory.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25.
  30. 1 2 3 "Huāyuánkǒu juédī shìjiàn: hěn kèguān" 花园口决堤事件：很客观 [The Huayuankou dike breach: an objective account]. Kàngrì Zhànzhēng Jìniàn Wǎng 抗日战争纪念网 [War of Resistance Memorial Network] (in Chinese). 2017-04-25. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.
  31. ↑ Yao Xiaoou (姚小鸥) (2011-12-20). "Kàngzhàn shíqī Huánghé Huāyuánkǒu juédī shìjiàn" 抗战时期黄河花园口决堤事件 [The Huayuankou dike breach during the War of Resistance]. Kēxué Wǎng 科学网 [Science Net] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.
  32. ↑ Mu Lianping (穆连萍) (2007). "Liáoníng shěng hóngshuǐ zāihài fēnxī yǔ jiǎnzāi cuòshī" 辽宁省洪水灾害分析与减灾措施 [Analysis of flood disasters in Liaoning province and disaster-mitigation measures]. Shuǐtǔ bǎochí yánjiū 水土保持研究 [Research of Soil and Water Conservation] (in Chinese) (3). Archived from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-07-27. [In August 1951, the Liao River main stem experienced a record-breaking flood, killing 6,213 people across 33 affected counties and flooding 493,000 hectares.]
  33. ↑ Wen, Jiabao (1998-08-26). "Guānyú dāngqián quánguó kànghóng qiǎngxiǎn qíngkuàng de bàogào" 关于当前全国抗洪抢险情况的报告 [Report on the current national flood-control and rescue situation]. Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ 中华人民共和国中央人民政府 [Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-03-19.
  34. ↑ Ma Guofu (马国福) (2009-07-13). "1958 nián Huánghé dà shuǐzāi jìshí" 1958年黄河大水灾纪实 [A true account of the great 1958 Yellow River flood]. Dàhé Wǎng 大河网 [Dahe Net] (in Chinese). Henan Legal Daily. Archived from the original on 2020-07-03.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lian Jiangfan (练江帆) (August 1999). "Guǎngdōng zhì hóng tè dà bàoyǔ de zōnghé fēnxī" 广东致洪特大暴雨的综合分析 [A comprehensive analysis of flood-causing torrential rainstorms in Guangdong] (PDF). Rèdài qìxiàng xuébào 热带气象学报 [Journal of Tropical Meteorology] (in Chinese). 15 (3). Liang, Biqi (梁必骐). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-25.
  36. 1 2 "1963 nián jīngchéng zuìhòu yī cì dà hóngshuǐ: chéngnèiwài shàngwàn fángwū dǎotā" 1963年京城最后一次大洪水：城内外上万房屋倒塌 [Beijing's last great flood of 1963: tens of thousands of homes collapsed inside and outside the city]. Fènghuáng Wǎng 凤凰网 [Ifeng] (in Chinese). Beijing Daily. 2007-08-19. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. [It was not until late September that the floodwaters besieging Tianjin fully receded. Tianjin itself was saved, but central and southern Hebei suffered severe losses: 104 counties were affected, 22.46 million people were affected, 54.38 million mu of farmland was flooded, and much of the terraced farmland in the mountainous areas was washed away without any harvest. In total 5,119 people drowned in the disaster zone, 43,318 were injured, and 1.3 million people fell ill afterward.]
  37. ↑ Zhang Xingnan (张行南), Luo Jian (罗健), Chen Lei (陈雷), Li Hong (李红) (March 2000). "Zhōngguó hóngshuǐ zāihài wēixiǎn chéngdù qūhuà" 中国洪水灾害危险程度区划 [Regionalization of flood-disaster risk in China]. Shuǐlì xuébào 水利学报 [Journal of Hydraulic Engineering] (in Chinese) (3). Archived from the original on 2021-07-24.
  38. ↑ Li Guiping (李贵平) (2018-07-12). "1981 nián Sìchuān pāngtuó dàyǔ chíxù 6 tiān" 1981年 四川滂沱大雨持续6天 [1981: torrential rain in Sichuan lasted six days]. Xīnlàng 新浪 [Sina] (in Chinese). West China City Daily. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.
  39. ↑ "Jūnmín qíxīn kàng hóngmó zhāngxiǎn "Qīngyuǎn jīngshén"" 军民齐心抗洪魔彰显"清远精神" [Military and civilians unite against the flood, showing the "Qingyuan spirit"]. Nánfāng bàowǎng 南方报网 [Southcn.com] (in Chinese). Southern Daily. 2008-11-25. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24.
  40. ↑ "Xīnwén fēnxī: zuò hǎo Huánghé fángxùn gōngzuò wèihé bùnéng diàoyǐqīngxīn?" 新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？ [News analysis: why flood prevention on the Yellow River cannot be taken lightly]. Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ 中华人民共和国中央人民政府 [Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 2007-06-14. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25.
  41. ↑ Ding San (丁三) (2007-10-22). "Dàshuǐ wèihé nányǐ bìmiǎn——1983 nián Ānkāng hóngzāi" 大水为何难以避免——1983年安康洪灾 [Why the flood was hard to avoid: the 1983 Ankang flood disaster]. Fènghuáng wǎng 凤凰网 [Ifeng] (in Chinese). Life (magazine). Archived from the original on 2021-07-01.
  42. ↑ "Qīnghǎi shěng Gònghé xiàn Gōuhòu shuǐkù "8·27" tè dà kuǎbà" 青海省共和县沟后水库"8·27"特大垮坝 [The catastrophic August 27 failure of the Gouhou Reservoir, Gonghe County, Qinghai]. Ānquán guǎnlǐ wǎng 安全管理网 [Anquanhoo Safety Management Network] (in Chinese). 2008-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-11-22.
  43. ↑ Zou Ying (邹鹰) Cheng Jianhua (程建华) (2010). "Diǎnxíng rénlèi huódòng duì hóngshuǐ tèxìng de yǐngxiǎng" 典型人类活动对洪水特性的影响 [Effects of typical human activity on flood characteristics] (PDF). Shuǐlì shuǐyùn gōngchéng xuébào 水利水运工程学报 [Journal of Hydraulic Engineering and Waterway Engineering] (in Chinese) (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-07-14.
  44. ↑ Shouhou Weiguang (守候微光) (2018-08-21). "Wǒmen céng pāishè jiǔbā kànghóng" 我们曾拍摄九八抗洪 [We once photographed the 1998 flood-fighting effort]. Zhōngqīng zàixiàn 中青在线 [China Youth Online] (in Chinese). China Youth Daily. Archived from the original on 2021-07-27.
  45. 1 2 Zhōngguó shuǐhàn zāihài fángyù gōngbào 2019 (fùbiǎo 2-1 1950—2019 nián quánguó hónglào zāiqíng tǒngjì) 中国水旱灾害防御公报2019（附表2-1 1950—2019年全国洪涝灾情统计） [China Flood and Drought Disaster Prevention Bulletin 2019 (Appendix Table 2-1: national flood statistics, 1950–2019)] (PDF) (Report) (in Chinese). Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. April 2021. pp. 62–63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-25.
  46. ↑ Bao Ge (鲍戈) (2002-05-17). "Yījiǔjiǔbā nián Zhōngguó hóngzāi zhēnxiàng" 一九九八年中国洪灾真相 [The truth about China's 1998 flood disaster]. Zhōngguó bàodào zhōukān 中国报道周刊 [China Report Weekly] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-06-25.
  47. ↑ "Shǎnxī Ānkāng hóngzāi sǐwáng rénshù shēng zhì 19 rén shīzōng rénshù shēng zhì 37 rén" 陕西安康洪灾死亡人数升至19人失踪人数升至37人 [Ankang flood death toll in Shaanxi rises to 19, missing rises to 37]. Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ 中华人民共和国中央人民政府 [Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 2007-08-11. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25.
  48. ↑ "Liáoníng Fǔshùn "8·16" tè dà hóngzāi zhòngzāiqū Nánkǒuqián zhèn huífǎng" 辽宁抚顺"8·16"特大洪灾重灾区南口前镇回访 [Revisiting Nankouqian, hardest hit by Fushun's "8.16" flood disaster]. Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ 中华人民共和国中央人民政府 [Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 2013-11-22. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25.
  49. ↑ "Húnán Zīxīng tè dà bàoyǔ zāihài yǐ zhì 50 rén yùnàn 15 rén shīzōng" 湖南资兴特大暴雨灾害已致50人遇难15人失踪 [Zixing rainstorm disaster in Hunan has killed 50 and left 15 missing] (in Chinese). China News Service. 2024-08-19. Archived from the original on 2024-08-19.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 2024中国水旱灾害防御公报（附表1 1950—2024年全国洪涝灾情统计） [China Flood and Drought Disaster Prevention Bulletin 2024 (Appendix Table 1: national flood statistics, 1950–2024)] (PDF) (Report) (in Chinese). Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. May 2025. pp. 127–129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-02.

Further reading

  • Li Wenhai et al., Ten Great Disasters of Modern China (Archived 2024-04-21 at the Wayback Machine). Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1994.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_in_China