DFMDA, also known as F2-MDA or as 3,4-(difluoromethylenedioxy)amphetamine, is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and MDxx families related to the entactogen and psychedelic drug MDA.[2][3][1] It is the derivative of MDA in which the two hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom of the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring have been replaced with fluorine atoms.[2][3][1]
Daniel Trachsel tested DFMDA in humans and found that it was inactive at doses of up to 250 mg orally.[1][2] Higher doses were not tested.[1][2] For comparison, he listed MDA's dose as 80 to 160 mg orally.[1]
DFMDA was active at the serotonin transporter (SERT) similarly to MDA and MDMA and with intermediate affinity between the two.[1][2]
It was developed with the aim of finding a non-neurotoxic drug able to be used as a less harmful substitute for entactogens such as MDMA. Since a major route of the normal metabolism of these compounds is scission of the methylenedioxy ring, producing neurotoxic metabolites such as α-methyldopamine, it was hoped that the difluoromethylenedioxy bioisostere would show increased metabolic stability and less toxicity.[3][4][5] These compounds have not yet been tested in animals to verify whether they show similar pharmacological activity to the non-fluorinated parent compounds.[6] It is also now generally accepted that MDMA neurotoxicity results from a variety of different causes and is not solely due to accumulation of α-methyldopamine,[7][8][9] making it unclear how much less neurotoxic DFMDA and related drugs would be in practice.
The chemical synthesis of DFMDA has been described.[3] Some notable analogues of DFMDA include DFMDMA (F2-MDMA), EIDA, and IDA, among others.[1][2] Other fluorinated MDxx derivatives, for instance derivatives of MDEA, BDB, and MBDB, have also been described.[3][2]
DFMDA was first described in the scientific literature by Daniel Trachsel and colleagues in 2006.[3] He described its properties and effects in humans in 2012 and 2013.[1][2]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trachsel D, Hadorn M, Baumberger F (March 2006). "Synthesis of fluoro analogues of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA) and its derivatives". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 3 (3): 326–336. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200690035. PMID 17193269.
- ↑ Meanwell NA (March 2011). "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 54 (8): 2529–2591. doi:10.1021/jm1013693. PMID 21413808.
- ↑ Takač MJ, Magina JD, Takač T (December 2019). "Evaluation of phenylethylamine type entactogens and their metabolites relevant to ecotoxicology - a QSAR study". Acta Pharmaceutica. 69 (4). Zagreb, Croatia: 563–584. doi:10.2478/acph-2019-0038. PMID 31639096. S2CID 204850967.
- ↑ Walline CC, Nichols DE, Carroll FI, Barker EL (June 2008). "Comparative molecular field analysis using selectivity fields reveals residues in the third transmembrane helix of the serotonin transporter associated with substrate and antagonist recognition". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (3): 791–800. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.136200. PMC 2637348. PMID 18354055.
- ↑ Capela JP, Carmo H, Remião F, Bastos ML, Meisel A, Carvalho F (June 2009). "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity: an overview". Molecular Neurobiology. 39 (3): 210–271. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.670.6897. doi:10.1007/s12035-009-8064-1. PMID 19373443. S2CID 21190104.
- ↑ Sarkar S, Schmued L (August 2010). "Neurotoxicity of ecstasy (MDMA): an overview". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 11 (5): 460–469. doi:10.2174/138920110791591490. PMID 20420572.
- ↑ Escubedo E, Abad S, Torres I, Camarasa J, Pubill D (January 2011). "Comparative neurochemical profile of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its metabolite alpha-methyldopamine on key targets of MDMA neurotoxicity". Neurochemistry International. 58 (1): 92–101. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.001. PMID 21074589. S2CID 2853533.