Black conservatism in the United States is a political and social movement rooted in African-American communities that aligns largely with the American conservative movement and is part of black conservatism around the world.[1] It is often associated with the Christian right (per 2007 data).[2] Black conservatism emphasizes social conservatism, traditionalism, patriotism, capitalism, and free markets.[not verified in body]

During the Reconstruction era, many black voters supported the Republican Party.[3] Booker T. Washington had a more conservative approach to politics in the United States while W. E. B. DuBois called for more radical change.[4] Some African Americans supported Democrat Woodrow Wilson's first presidential campaign and were betrayed by his policies once in office.[5] Under Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, during his first two terms, civil rights legislation was not passed, however, New Deal programs led to the black vote becoming more split.[6] In 1960, the Kennedy-Johnson campaign promoted civil rights as a central issue and during their administration, they passed anti-discrimination legislation, gaining the black vote. Since then, the Democratic Party has held a majority of the black votes in America,[7] although Pew Research Center polling has found that the percentage of African-Americans who identify as Democratic has declined in recent years, from 75% during Barack Obama's presidency to 67% in 2020. A 2017 sample size of 10,245 voters concluded that just 8% of African-Americans identify as Republican.[8]

Overview

Beliefs

One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism.[9][10] Black conservatives typically support do-for-self, self reliance, and personal responsibility. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of African-American culture that they believe have created poverty and dependency.[11] John McWhorter's 2000 book Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America and Bill Cosby's 2004 "Pound Cake speech" exemplified this critique, though their authors did not strictly come from the Black conservative movement.[citation needed]

A 2007 Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of Black Americans identified as Religious Right.[2] In 2004, though, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of Black Americans identified as Republican.[12]

A National Election Pool poll showed that support for California Proposition 8 (2008) (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among African-American voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8.[13] Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among Black voters to be at 70%[14] and 75%,[15] respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate Barack Obama on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout.[16]

Historical basis

From Reconstruction up until the New Deal, the black population tended to vote Republican.[17] During that period, the Republican Party—particularly in the Southern United States—was seen as more racially progressive than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the Southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats).[citation needed]

Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt[18] and continued with the election of John F. Kennedy. Among Truman Administration officials, the publication of Henry Lee Moon's Balance of Power spurred Democratic partisan support for African-American constituencies.[19] This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters.[20] This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy.[21][better source needed]

In recent years, the Republican Party has made efforts to reach African American voters. There has been some increase in support, though it remains limited. Some Black Republican leaders gained visibility in politics and media.[22] Despite this, most African Americans continued to vote Democratic. The relationship between African Americans and the Republican Party continues to evolve. [citation needed]

Timeline of events

This is a timeline of significant events that shaped African-American conservatism in the United States.

1870s
1880s
1890s
1900s
1920s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s

Reconstruction and early Jim Crow era African-American conservatives (1870–1900)

This is a list of notable African-American conservatives from 1861 to 1970, most of whom are members of the Republican Party.

Executive branch officials

Frederick Douglass

U.S. representatives

1872 Currier and Ives print showing the first black U.S. senator and representatives: Sen. Hiram Revels (R-MS), Rep. Benjamin S. Turner (R-AL), Robert DeLarge (R-SC), Josiah Walls (R-FL), Jefferson Long (R-GA), Joseph Rainey and Robert B. Elliott (R-SC), 1872

Statewide officials

P.B.S. Pinchback, first African American Governor
Hiram Rhodes Revels, first African American Senator

State legislators

State representatives

Other

Jim Crow, Civil Rights movement, and post-Civil Rights movement era African-American conservatives (1900–2000)

This is a list of notable African-American conservatives from 1861 to 1970, most of whom are members of the Republican Party.

Executive branch officials

William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.
Samuel Pierce
Louis W. Sullivan

U.S. senators

Edward Brooke

U.S. representatives

Statewide officials

United States judges

State legislators

State senators

State representatives

Local Officials

Civil rights, pastors and activists

Booker T. Washington

Other

Modern African-American conservatives (2000–present)

This is a list of notable modern African-American conservatives, most of whom are members of the Republican Party.

Executive branch officials

Colin Powell
Condoleezza Rice
Rod Paige
Alphonso Jackson
Ben Carson
Scott Turner

U.S. senators

Tim Scott

U.S. representatives

Statewide officials

United States judges

U.S. Supreme Court justices

Clarence Thomas

U.S. Court of Appeals judges

Statewide judges

U.S. District court judges

County and municipal judges

Other judges

State legislators

State senators

State representatives

Local Officials

Political commentators, authors and journalists

Candace Owens
Brandon Tatum
Harris Faulkner

Athletes

Mike Tyson

Entertainers

Kanye West
Nicki Minaj
Nick Cannon

Civil rights, pastors and activists

Other

Herman Cain

Organizations

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ King was a Democrat until the 1990s.
  2. ↑ Dennis was mixed race.
  3. ↑ Daniels was a Democrat until 2002.
  4. ↑ DeBerry did not become a Republican until 2026
  5. ↑ Echevarria is of mixed race.
  6. ↑ Jones was previously a Democrat, switched to Republican in January 2021.
  7. ↑ Mainor was previously a Democrat, switched to Republican in July 2023.
  8. ↑ Thierry was previously a Democrat, switched to Republican in 2024.
  9. ↑ Clarke served as the Sheriff of Milwaukee from 2002 to 2017 as a Democrat.

References

  1. ↑ Diamond, Sara (1996). Facing the Wrath: Confronting the Right in Dangerous Times. Common Courage Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-56751-078-2. Christian Right activists allied with black conservatives to make their causes appear more mainstream across racial and class lines. In this vein, the Family Research Council (the lobbying affiliate of Focus on the Family) recently named as vice-president Kay Cole James, a black anti-abortion activist.
  2. 1 2 Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Myers, Tyler (2011). African-American Trailblazers: The Sociopolitical Factors of Success (Honors thesis). University of South Florida. Paper 31.
  4. ↑ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/debate-w-e-b-du-bois-and-booker-t-washington/
  5. ↑ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/chicago-defender/422583/
  6. ↑ Huckfeldt, Robert (1989). Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252016009.
  7. ↑ Tate, Katherine (1994). From Protests to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 1–238. ISBN 9780674325401.
  8. ↑ "1. Trends in party affiliation among demographic groups". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  9. ↑ Wright Rigueur, Leah (15 February 2015). "The Forgotten History of Black Republicans". The Daily Beast. New York City. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  10. ↑ For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)
  11. ↑ Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen (2008). Social History of the United States [10 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-59884-128-2.
  12. ↑ Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape Archived April 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ "Exit Poll Shows Black and Hispanic Americans Overwhelmingly Backed Prop. 8". KTVU. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
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Further reading and listening

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States