The 1864–65 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. They occurred during the American Civil War and Abraham Lincoln's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1864 and 1865, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

The Republican Party gained two seats. Most of the Southern states were absent because of the Civil War.

Results summary

Senate party division, 39th Congress (1865–1867)

  • Majority party: Republican (37)
  • Minority party: Democratic (9)
  • Other parties: Unconditional Unionist (1); Unionist (1)
  • Vacant: (24)
  • Total seats: 72

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

V5
Seceded		 V4
Seceded		 V3
Seceded		 V2 V1
V6
Seceded		 V7
Seceded		 V8
Seceded		 V9
Seceded		 V10
Seceded		 V11
Seceded		 D1 D2 D3 D4
UU5
Ran		 U1 U2 U3
Retired		 D10
Ran		 D9
Retired		 D8
Unknown		 D7
Retired		 D6 D5
UU4 UU3 UU2 UU1 R31
Ran		 R30
Ran		 R29
Retired		 R28
Ran		 R27
Ran		 R26
Retired
Majority → R25
Unknown
R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23
Ran		 R24
Ran
R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
V17 V18 V19 V20 V21

As a result of the elections

V5
Seceded		 V4
Seceded		 V3
Seceded		 V2 V1
V6
Seceded		 V7
Seceded		 V8
Seceded		 V9
Seceded		 V10
Seceded		 V11
Seceded		 D1 D2 D3 D4
UU2 UU3 UU4 U1 U2 D9
Gain		 D8
Hold		 D7
Re-elected		 D6 D5
UU1 R33
Gain		 R32
Gain		 R31
Re-elected
new party		 R30
Hold		 R29
Hold		 R28
Hold		 R27
Re-elected		 R26
Re-elected		 R25
Re-elected
Majority →
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23
Re-elected		 R24
Re-elected
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V17 V16 V15 V14 V13 V12
U Loss		 R1 R2 R3 R4
V18 V19 V20 V21 V22

Beginning of the next Congress

V6 V5 V4 V3 V2 V1
V7 V8 V9 V10 V11 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
R36
Changed		 R37
Changed		 UU1 V13
UU Loss		 U1 V12
D Loss		 D9
Gain		 D8 D7 D6
R35
New state		 R34
New state		 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26
Majority → R25
R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24
R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6
V18 V17 V16 V15 V14 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
V19 V20 V21 V22 V23 V24
Key:
D# Democratic
R# Republican
UU# Unconditional Unionist
U# Unionist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the preceding Congress

Special elections were held to fill vacancies in the 38th United States Congress and two new seats created by the admission of Nevada.

State Incumbent This race
Senator Party Electoral
history		 Results Candidates
Maryland
(Class 3)		 Thomas Holliday Hicks Union 1862 (ap.)[b] Interim appointee elected with a new party January 11, 1864.
Union gain.[b]		 First ballot (January 8, 1864)
Delaware
(Class 1)		 James A. Bayard Jr. Democratic 1851
1857
1863		 Incumbent resigned January 29, 1864.
New senator elected January 29, 1864.
Democratic hold.		 First ballot (January 29, 1864)
Arkansas
(Class 3)		 Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 Fourth ballot (May 2, 1864)
Arkansas
(Class 2)		 Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 Twenty-first ballot (May 5, 1864)
  • ▌Green tickY William M. Fishback (Unknown) 41
  • ▌William D. Snow (Unknown) 16
  • ▌Solomon Clark (Unknown) 5
  • ▌L. C. White (Unknown) 5
  • ▌William J. Patton (Unknown) 4
  • Scattering 2
Louisiana
(Class 3)		 Vacant Seat vacant since February 4, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 First ballot (October 10, 1864)
Louisiana
(Class 2)		 Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 First ballot (October 10, 1864)
Nevada
2 seats		 None (new state) Seat created October 31, 1864.
Union gain.		 First ballot (December 15, 1864)
Seat created October 31, 1864.
Union gain.		 Ninth ballot (December 16, 1864)
Virginia
(Class 1)		 Lemuel J. Bowden Union 1863 Incumbent died January 2, 1864.
Winner not seated.
Union loss.		 First ballot (December 8, 1864)
Maine
(Class 2)		 Nathan A. Farwell Union 1864 (ap.) Appointee re-elected. First ballot (January 11, 1865)
  • ▌Green tickY Nathan A. Farwell (Union) 118 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 27 STooltip Maine Senate
  • ▌William P. Haines (Democratic) 21 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Maine Senate

Elections leading to the next Congress

These senators were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1865.

State Incumbent This race
Senator Party Electoral
history		 Results Candidates
Alabama Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 First ballot (November 28, 1865)
Arkansas Vacant Seat vacant since July 11, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 Third ballot (December 30, 1864)
  • ▌Green tickY William D. Snow (Unknown) 35
  • ▌Orville Jennings (Unknown) 23
  • Scattering 2
Delaware Willard Saulsbury Sr. Democratic 1858 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 24, 1865)
Georgia Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.
No election.		 None.
Illinois William Alexander Richardson Democratic 1863 (sp.) Incumbent retired.
Union gain.		 First ballot (January 4, 1865)
Iowa James W. Grimes Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 16, 1864)
Kansas Jim Lane Republican 1861 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 12, 1865)
Kentucky Lazarus W. Powell Democratic 1858 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.		 First ballot (January 11, 1865)
Louisiana Vacant Seat vacant since February 4, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 First ballot (January 9, 1865)
  • ▌Green tickY Michael Hahn (Free State Republican) 92
  • ▌Charles Smith (Free State Republican) 2
Maine Nathan A. Farwell Union 1864 (ap.)
1865 (sp.)		 Incumbent retired.
Union hold.		 First ballot (January 11, 1865)
  • ▌Green tickY William P. Fessenden (Union) 116 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 27 STooltip Maine Senate
  • ▌William P. Haines (Democratic) 23 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Maine Senate
Massachusetts Henry Wilson Republican 1855 (sp.)
1859		 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 10 & 20, 1865)
  • ▌Green tickY Henry Wilson (Republican) 207 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 37 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
  • ▌John A. Andrew (Republican) 12 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 3 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
  • ▌Robert C. Winthrop (Democratic[5]) 4 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
  • ▌Alexander Bullock (Republican[6]) 1 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
  • ▌Charles G. Loring (Unknown) 1 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
Michigan Jacob M. Howard Republican 1862 (sp.) Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 5, 1865)
  • ▌Green tickY Jacob M. Howard (Republican) 70 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 27 STooltip Michigan Senate
  • ▌George V. N. Lothrop (Democratic) 27 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 3 STooltip Michigan Senate
Minnesota Morton S. Wilkinson Union 1859 Incumbent lost renomination.
Union hold.		 First ballot (January 10, 1865)
Mississippi Vacant since January 12, 1861 when Albert G. Brown (D) withdrew. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1870.		 None.
New Hampshire John P. Hale Republican 1846
1853 (retired)
1855 (special)		 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1864.
Republican hold.
New Jersey John C. Ten Eyck Republican 1858 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1864.
Democratic gain.
Election was later disputed and seat declared vacant.
North Carolina Vacant since March 6, 1861 when Thomas Bragg (D) resigned. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		 None.
Oregon Benjamin F. Harding Democratic 1862 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1864.
Republican gain.
Rhode Island Henry B. Anthony Republican 1858 Incumbent re-elected in 1864.
South Carolina Vacant since November 10, 1860 when James Chesnut Jr. (D) withdrew. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		 None.
Tennessee Vacant since March 3, 1861 when Alfred O. P. Nicholson (D) withdrew. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1866.		 None.
Texas Vacant since July 11, 1861 when John Hemphill (D) was expelled. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1870.		 None.
Virginia John S. Carlile Democratic 1861[c] Incumbent retired.
Winner not seated.
Union loss.		 First ballot (December 9, 1864)
West Virginia Waitman T. Willey Unconditional
Unionist		 1863 Incumbent re-elected in 1865 as a Republican.
Republican gain.

Special elections during the next Congress

State Incumbent This race
Senator Party Electoral
history		 Results Candidates
Maryland
(Class 3)		 Vacant Incumbent died February 14, 1865.
New senator elected March 9, 1865.
Union hold.		 First ballot (March 9, 1865)
  • ▌Green tickY John Creswell (Union) 63
  • ▌Cathrill Humphries (Unknown) 2
  • ▌James E. Pilkington (Unknown) 2
  • ▌A. J. Willis (Unknown) 1
  • Blank 25
Alabama
(Class 3)		 Vacant Seat vacant since January 21, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 Fourth ballot (November 28, 1865)
Florida
(Class 1)		 Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 First ballot (December 28, 1865)
Florida
(Class 3)		 Vacant Seat vacant since January 21, 1861.
Winner not seated.		 Ninth ballot (December 28, 1865)

Alabama

Two elections were held in Alabama, due to the withdrawal of the state's senators during the Civil War. The senators from the states of the former Confederacy were not seated by the Senate.[8]

Alabama (regular)

Two-term Democrat Clement Claiborne Clay withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Alabama.[9]

The Alabama Legislature met on November 28, 1865, to hold an election for the unexpired term. Lewis E. Parsons defeated four other candidates on the first ballot.[10]

Alabama (special)

Two-term Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Alabama.[9]

The Alabama Legislature met on November 28, 1865, to hold an election for the unexpired term. George S. Houston defeated John Forsyth Jr. on the fourth ballot.[10]

Arkansas

Two special elections were held in Arkansas, in addition to the regular election for the Class 2 seat, due to the expulsion of the state's senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.[11]

Arkansas (Class 3 special)

One-term Democrat Charles B. Mitchel was expelled in 1861.[12]

The Arkansas General Assembly met on May 2, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Elisha Baxter defeated William Meade Fishback on the fourth ballot.[13]

Arkansas (Class 2 special)

Three-term Democrat William K. Sebastian was expelled in 1861.[12]

The Arkansas General Assembly met from May 3–5, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. William Meade Fishback defeated William D. Snow on the 21st ballot.[14]

Arkansas (regular)

William Meade Fishback was elected in 1864, but was not seated by the Senate.[11]

The Arkansas General Assembly met on December 30, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. William D. Snow defeated Orville Jennings on the third ballot.[15]

Delaware

Two elections were held in Delaware, due to the resignation of James A. Bayard, Jr.

Delaware (special)

Three-term Democrat James A. Bayard Jr. resigned on January 29, 1864.[16]

The Delaware General Assembly met on January 29, 1864, to hold an election for the unexpired term. The Democratic candidate George R. Riddle was elected on the first ballot.[17] The Union members of the legislature cast blank ballots.[18]

Delaware (regular)

One-term Democrat Willard Saulsbury Sr. was elected in 1858.[16]

The Delaware General Assembly met on January 24, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Saulsbury defeated the Union candidate Edward Green Bradford on the first ballot.[19]

Florida (specials)

Two special elections were held in Florida, due to the withdrawal of the state's senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.[20]

Florida (Class 1 special)

Two-term Democrat Stephen Mallory withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Florida.[21]

The Florida Legislature met on December 29, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Wilkinson Call defeated James Patton Anderson on the first ballot.[22]

Florida (Class 3 special)

One-term Democrat David Levy Yulee withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Florida.[21]

The Florida Legislature met on December 29, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. William Marvin defeated Jesse J. Finley on the ninth ballot.[23]

Georgia

Two-term Democrat Robert Toombs withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Georgia. The Georgia General Assembly did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1871.[21]

Illinois

Incumbent Democrat William A. Richardson was elected in 1863.[24]

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. Richard Yates Sr. defeated Elihu B. Washburne with 38 votes to Washburne's 22; John M. Palmer and John A. Logan each had two votes.[25]

The Illinois General Assembly met on January 4, 1865, to hold an election for the next term.[26] Yates defeated the Democratic candidate James Carroll Robinson on the first ballot.[25]

Iowa

One-term Republican James W. Grimes was elected in 1858.[27]

Republicans won a landslide victory in the 1863 state elections. The upcoming senatorial election was an issue during the campaign. Grimes was broadly popular with the public, and Republican members of the incoming legislature were pledged to vote for his re-election.[28]

The Iowa General Assembly met on January 16, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Grimes defeated the Democratic candidate John D. Jennings on the first ballot. One Democratic member voted for James M. Love.[29][30]

Kansas

One-term Republican Jim Lane was elected in 1861.

Lane's controversial leadership split the Kansas Republican Party, leading Anti-Lane Republicans to organize the Union Party in 1862.[32][d] Although Lane's term would not end for more than a year, Anti-Lane legislators met on February 9, 1864, to hold an election for the next term, in an attempt to force his departure. Thomas Carney was elected on the first ballot with 68 votes, to three spoilt votes and 27 abstentions.[33] Lane's allies protested that the early election was illegal,[34] but a confrontation was averted when Carney declined the office.[33]

Lane's popularity rebounded following the attempted election, as the Union Party's fortunes similarly declined. The senator was credited with the successful response to Price's Missouri Expedition in September 1864, which saw fighting along the Kansas-Missouri border. Republicans swept the 1864 elections in Kansas; the large Republican legislative majority and Lane's recently burnished military record virtually assured his re-election.[35]

The Kansas Legislature met again on January 12, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Lane defeated William A. Phillips on the first ballot.[36]

Kentucky

One-term Democrat Lazarus W. Powell was elected in 1858.[37]

The Kentucky General Assembly met on January 11, 1865, to hold an election for the next term.[38] The Democratic candidate James Guthrie defeated the Unconditional Union candidate Lovell Rousseau on the first ballot.[39]

Louisiana

Two special elections were held in Louisiana, in addition to the regular election for the Class 2 seat, due to the withdrawal of the state's senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.[40]

Louisiana (Class 3 special)

One-term Democrat John Slidell resigned in 1861.[41]

The Louisiana State Legislature met on October 10, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. R. King Cutler defeated Cuthbert Bullitt and Edward Henry Durell on the first ballot.[42] Cutler and Durell were Free State Republicans, while Bullitt was a Conservative Unionist.[43]

Louisiana (Class 2 special)

Two-term Democrat Judah P. Benjamin withdrew from the Senate in 1861.[41]

The Louisiana State Legislature met on October 10, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Charles defeated Cuthbert Bullitt and Edward Henry Durell on the first ballot.[42] Smith and Durell were Free State Republicans, while Bullitt was a Conservative Unionist.[43]

Louisiana (regular)

Free State Republican Charles Smith was elected in 1864, but was not seated by the Senate.[40]

The Louisiana State Legislature met on January 9, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Michael Hahn defeated Smith on the first ballot.[44] Both candidates were Free State Republicans.[45]

Maine

Two elections were held in Maine, due to the resignation of William P. Fessenden.

Maine (regular)

Incumbent Unionist Nathan A. Farwell was appointed in 1864.[46]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 11, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Union candidate William P. Fessenden defeated Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot.[47]

Maine (special)

Incumbent Unionist Nathan A. Farwell was appointed in 1864.[46]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 11, 1865, to hold an election for the unexpired term. Farwell defeated Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot.[47]

Maryland (specials)

There were two elections in Maryland, due to the deaths of James Pearce and Thomas Holliday Hicks.

Maryland (1864 special)

Incumbent Unionist Thomas Holliday Hicks was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the death of James Pearce.[48]

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. Hicks, a recent convert to abolitionism, was opposed by radical candidate Thomas A. Spence. Hicks defeated Spence on the first ballot.[49]

The Maryland General Assembly met on January 8, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Hicks defeated the Democratic candidate Samuel Hambleton on the first ballot.[50][49]

Maryland (1865 special)

Hicks died in office on February 14, 1865.[51]

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. John Cresswell was nominated on the first ballot with 43 votes to 22 for other candidates.[52] Creswell, an Unconditional Unionist and protege of the Radical leader Henry Winter Davis, was opposed by supporters of Montgomery Blair, the leader of the Conservative Unionists. The Conservatives attempted to form a coalition with the Maryland Democratic Party for the senatorial election, but the Democratic legislators declined to support Blair, instead casting blank votes all through the proceedings.[53]

The Maryland General Assembly met on March 9, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Creswell was elected on the first ballot.[54]

Massachusetts

Two-term Republican Henry Wilson was re-elected in 1859.

Wilson, a radical Republican, faced a challenge by John Albion Andrew, the moderate Republican governor of Massachusetts. The rift between Andrew and Wilson's Senate colleague, Charles Sumner, threatened to split the Massachusetts Republican Party, to the benefit of conservatives in the Republican–Union coalition. Andrew's candidacy attracted minimal support from Republicans, however; his allies' efforts to unseat Wilson were half-hearted, and few Republican legislators could have been elected had their opposition to Wilson's re-election been known.[55]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 10 and 20, 1865, respectively, to hold an election for the next term. Wilson defeated Andrew and Robert C. Winthrop on the first ballot.[56][57]

Michigan

Incumbent Republican Jacob M. Howard was elected in 1862.[58]

The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 4, 1865.[59] Howard defeated Austin Blair on the first ballot with 56 votes to Blair's 42.[60]

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 5, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Howard defeated Democratic candidate George V. N. Lothrop on the first ballot.[60]

Minnesota

One-term Unionist Morton S. Wilkinson was elected in 1859.[58]

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus on January 9, 1865.[61] Wilkinson, a radical Republican, was opposed by conservative Republicans and War Democrats in the Union coalition.[62] Six candidates challenged Wilkinson in the caucus, resulting in a protracted struggle for the nomination. War Democrat Daniel Sheldon Norton defeated Wilkinson on the 32nd ballot.[63]

The Minnesota Legislature met on January 10, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Norton defeated the Democratic candidate James George on the first ballot.[61]

Mississippi

Nevada

Nevada elected two senators following its admission on October 31, 1864.

The Union Party won a landslide victory in the first state elections, electing the governor, U.S. representative, all but two seats in the Nevada Legislature. The overwhelming National Union majority in the legislature ensured that two Unionists would be chosen as the state's first U.S. senators.[65]

The Nevada Legislature met on December 15 and 16, 1864, to hold elections for both seats. Members voted for two candidates, with 27 votes necessary for election. William Morris Stewart was elected on the first ballot; no other candidate had a majority, requiring several additional rounds of voting.[66]

On subsequent rounds, each member cast one vote. James W. Nye defeated Charles E. DeLong on the ninth ballot.[67]

New Hampshire

New Jersey

North Carolina

Oregon

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Virginia

There were two elections in Virginia, due to the death of Lemuel J. Bowden. The winners were not seated by the Senate.[68]

Virginia (special)

Bowden died on January 2, 1864, less than a year into his six-year term.[71]

The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on December 8, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Union candidate Joseph Segar defeated John Curtiss Underwood, S. Ferguson Beach, and Lewis McKenzie on the first ballot.[72]

Virginia (regular)

One-term Unionist John S. Carlile was elected in 1861.[71]

The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on December 9, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Union candidate John Curtiss Underwood defeated S. Ferguson Beach and Lewis McKenzie on the first ballot.[73]

West Virginia

Incumbent Waitman T. Willey was re-elected by the legislature to his first full term as United States Senator, with Willey being elected as a Republican. Willey would serve his term until 1871.

Willey was the only candidate to be formally nominated, though attempted nominations were made of Archibald Campbell and House Speaker Lee Roy Kramer. Campbell's nomination was promptly withdrawn, and Kramer declined his.[74]

Party Candidate 1st Ballot
Votes %
Republican Waitman Willey 53 76.8
Republican Lee Roy Kramer 7 10.1
Republican Daniel Polsley 6 8.7
Republican Archibald Campbell 2 2.9
Republican David Hunter Strother 1 1.4
Total 69 100
Needed to win 35 >50

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ as Republican Conference Chair
  2. 1 2 Contemporaneous sources count Hicks as a border state unionist prior to his election and a Republican-Unionist afterward.[2]
  3. ↑ Carlisle was elected as a Unionist and became a Democrat sometime during 1864.[7]
  4. ↑ The Kansas Union Party bore no relation to the National Union Party.

References

  1. ↑ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ↑ Evening Journal Almanac 1864, p. 37; Evening Journal Almanac 1865, p. 37.
  3. ↑ Wilder 1875, p. 376.
  4. ↑ Wilder 1875, p. 202.
  5. ↑ Baum 1984, p. 71.
  6. ↑ Baum 1984, p. 114.
  7. ↑ Greeley 1864, p. 24; Evening Journal Almanac 1865, p. 40.
  8. ↑ Foner 2014, p. 239.
  9. 1 2 Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 579.
  10. 1 2 Alabama 1866, p. 63.
  11. 1 2 Taft, Furber & Buck 1903, p. 298.
  12. 1 2 Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 580.
  13. ↑ Arkansas 1870, pp. 64–65.
  14. ↑ Arkansas 1870, pp. 86–87.
  15. ↑ Arkansas 1870, p. 299.
  16. 1 2 Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 582.
  17. ↑ "Resignation of Mr. Bayard". Alexandria Gazette. February 2, 1864.
  18. ↑ "From the Capitol". Delaware State Journal. February 2, 1864.
  19. ↑ "General News". New York Daily Tribune. January 28, 1865.
  20. ↑ Davis 1913, p. 429.
  21. 1 2 3 Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 583.
  22. ↑ Florida 1865, p. 108.
  23. ↑ Florida 1865, pp. 108–115.
  24. ↑ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 585.
  25. 1 2 "Bitter Senatorial Contest in Illinois". Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. January 13, 1865.
  26. ↑ Illinois 1865, p. 99.
  27. ↑ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 586.
  28. ↑ Clark 1912, pp. 130–31.
  29. ↑ "The Legislature [...]". Iowa Transcript. January 21, 1864.
  30. ↑ Clark 1912, p. 131.
  31. ↑ Wilder 1875, p. 322.
  32. ↑ Socolofsky 2001, p. 83.
  33. 1 2 Blackmar 1904, p. 293.
  34. ↑ Socolofsky 2001, p. 87.
  35. ↑ Blackmar 1904, pp. 295–97.
  36. ↑ Kansas 1865, p. 44.
  37. ↑ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 587.
  38. ↑ Kentucky 1865, p. 93.
  39. ↑ "Signs of Progress: The Recent Election of a U.S. Senator from Kentucky". Daily Intelligencer. January 16, 1865.
  40. 1 2 Taft, Furber & Buck 1903, p. 306.
  41. 1 2 Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 588.
  42. 1 2 Hahn 1865, p. 3.
  43. 1 2 Summers 1983, pp. 51, 54.
  44. ↑ "Legislature". New Orleans Tribune. January 10, 1865.
  45. ↑ Summers 1983, p. 51.
  46. 1 2 Evening Journal Almanac 1865, p. 36.
  47. 1 2
  48. ↑ Evening Journal Almanac 1864, p. 37.
  49. 1 2 "Maryland". New York Daily Tribune. January 11, 1864.
  50. ↑ Maryland 1864, pp. 15–16.
  51. ↑ Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 590.
  52. ↑ "J. A. Cresswell has been nominated [...]". Alexandria Gazette. March 9, 1865.
  53. ↑ Baker 1973, pp. 134–35.
  54. ↑ Maryland 1865, p. 387.
  55. ↑ Baum 1984, p. 184.
  56. ↑ Massachusetts 1865, p. 12.
  57. ↑ "Massachusetts United States Senator: Re-election of Hon. Henry Wilson". New York Times. January 21, 1865.
  58. 1 2 Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 591.
  59. ↑ "The Senatorial Caucus". Lansing State Republican. January 11, 1865.
  60. 1 2 May 1964, p. 71.
  61. 1 2 "Close of the Senatorial Contest". St. Cloud Democrat. January 12, 1865.
  62. ↑ Dell 1975, p. 341.
  63. ↑ "The Senatorial Contest". Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. January 13, 1865.
  64. 1 2 Angel 1881, p. 86.
  65. ↑ Bowers 2013, p. 26.
  66. ↑ Nevada 1865, p. 34.
  67. ↑ Nevada 1865, p. 40.
  68. ↑ Taft, Furber & Buck 1903, p. 310.
  69. 1 2 "Virginia". New York Daily Tribune. May 28, 1863.
  70. 1 2 McPherson 1866, p. 124.
  71. 1 2 Congressional Quarterly 1985, p. 604.
  72. ↑ Virginia 1865, p. 20; Maddex 1970, p. 38.
  73. ↑ Virginia 1865, p. 21; Maddex 1970, p. 38.
  74. ↑ Journal of the House of Delegates of West Virginia for the Session Commencing January 17, 1865. Wheeling: West Virginia Legislature. 1865. p. 57.

Bibliography

Primary sources

Secondary sources

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas