Events
October
October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar , to search for the source of the Nile River .October 1 – Battle of Volturnus : Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians , committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.October 6 – Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted in British India .October 17 – The Open Championship , also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire , Scotland. The event is won by Willie Park Sr October 18 – The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War .October 18 –21 – Beijing's Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin , in retaliation for mistreatment of several prisoners of war , during the Second Opium War .October 19 – A new Māori revolt begins in New Zealand.October 26
Date unknown
Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus , Syria.
In Buenos Aires , leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores .
China agrees, in an unequal treaty (the Convention of Peking ) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.
Discovery of the chemical elements : Robert Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium .German chemist Albert Niemann makes a detailed analysis of the coca leaf, isolating and purifying the alkaloid , which he calls cocaine .[ 7]
Napoleon III , Emperor of the French, and Empress Eugénie visit Algiers and stay at the Casbah of Algiers .[ 8] TAG Heuer watchmaker founded in Bern Canton , Switzerland .[ 9] The Russian Empire has c. 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of railroads.
Births
– MarchTakaaki Kato Douglas Hyde Anton Chekhov Carl Georg Barth January 3
January 8 – Emma Booth , fourth child of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1903 )January 17 – Douglas Hyde , 1st President of Ireland (d. 1949 )January 21 – Karl Staaff , Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1915 )January 25 – Charles Curtis , American politician, 31st Vice President (d. 1936 )January 28 – W. G. Read Mullan , American Jesuit, academic (d. 1910 )January 29
February 11 – Rachilde , French author (d. 1953 )February 14 – Eugen Schiffer , German politician (d. 1954 )February 18 – Anders Zorn , Swedish artist (d. 1920 )February 25 – Sir William Ashley , English economic historian (d. 1927 )February 28 – Carl Georg Barth , Norwegian-American mathematician , mechanical engineer (d. 1939 )February 29 – Herman Hollerith , American businessman, inventor (d. 1929 )March 2 – Susanna M. Salter , first woman mayor in the United States (d. 1961 )March 5 – Sam Thompson , American baseball player (d. 1922 )March 13 – Hugo Wolf , Austrian composer (d. 1903 )March 19 – William Jennings Bryan , American politician (d. 1925 )March 23 – Horatio Bottomley , British politician and businessman (d. 1933 )[ 10]
– JuneApril 2 – Zheng Xiaoxu , Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, first Prime Minister of Manchukuo (d. 1938 )April 7 – Will Keith Kellogg , American industrialist, founder of the Kellogg Company (d. 1951 )April 23 – Archibald Murray , British general (d. 1945 )[ 11] May 2 – Theodor Herzl , Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d. 1904 )May 7 – Tom Norman , English freak showman (d. 1930 )May 9 – J. M. Barrie , Scottish author (d. 1937 )May 15 – Ellen Axson Wilson , First Lady of the United States (d. 1914 )May 20 – Eduard Buchner , German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917 )May 21 – Willem Einthoven , Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927 )May 25 – James McKeen Cattell , American psychologist (d. 1944 )May 27 – Manuel Teixeira Gomes , 7th President of Portugal (d. 1941 )May 29 – Isaac Albéniz , Spanish composer (d. 1909 )June 20 – Jack Worrall , Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. 1937 )June 25 – Gustave Charpentier , French composer (d. 1956 )
– SeptemberLizzie Borden Annie Oakley Joseph Cook Georgina Fraser Newhall July 3 – Charlotte Perkins Gilman , American feminist (d. 1935 )July 7 – Gustav Mahler , Austrian composer (d. 1911 )July 13 – Gustav Bachmann , German admiral (d. 1943 )[ 12] July 16 – Otto Jespersen , Danish linguist, creator of Ido and Novial languages (d.1943 )July 19 – Lizzie Borden , American murder suspect (d. 1927 )July 31 – Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet , British admiral (d. 1917 )August 1 – Bazil Assan , Romanian engineer and explorer (d. 1918 )August 3 – William Kennedy Dickson , Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director (d. 1935 )August 5 – Louis Wain , English artist (d. 1939 )August 7 – Alan Leo , British astrologer (d. 1917 )August 10 – Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande , Indian musician (d. 1936 )August 13 – Annie Oakley , American Wild West show performer (d. 1926 )August 15
August 16 – Jules Laforgue , French poet (d. 1887 )August 20 – Raymond Poincaré , French president (d. 1934 )August 22 – Alfred Ploetz , German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. 1940 )August 25 – George Fawcett , American actor (d. 1939 )August 26 – Eudora Stone Bumstead , American poet and hymnwriter (d. 1892 )September 1 – Mary E. C. Bancker , American author (d. 1921 )September 5 – Andrew Volstead , American politician (d. 1947 )September 6 – Jane Addams , American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935 )September 7 – Anna Mary Robertson Moses (a.k.a. Grandma Moses ), American painter (d. 1961 )September 13 – John J. Pershing , American general (d. 1948 )September 16 – Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten , Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1934 )
– DecemberJuliette Gordon Low Hjalmar Branting October 31 – Juliette Gordon Low , American founder of the Girl Scouts (d. 1927 )November 1 – Boies Penrose , United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. 1921 )November 2 – Soapy Smith , American con artist and gangster (d. 1898 )November 6 – Ignacy Jan Paderewski , Polish pianist and composer, 3rd Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1941 )November 16 – John Henry Kirby , Texas legislator, American businessman (d. 1940 )November 23 – Hjalmar Branting , Prime Minister of Sweden , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925 )November 26 – Gabrielle Petit , French feminist activist (d. 1952 )November 27 – Yui Mitsue , Japanese general (d. 1925 )December 4 – Charles de Broqueville , Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1940 )December 7 – Joseph Cook , 6th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947 )December 15 – Niels Ryberg Finsen , Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1904 )December 16 – Ion Dragalina , Romanian general (d. 1916 )December 25 – Manuel Dimech , Maltese philosopher, social reformer (d. 1921 )December 31
Deaths
– JuneAnne Isabella Milbanke January 1 – Thomas Hobbes Scott , English clergyman (b. 1783 )January 5 – John Neumann , Saint and Roman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia (b. 1811 )January 10 – Ezequiel Zamora , leader of the Federalist Army in Venezuela (b. 1817 )January 13 – William Mason , American politician (b. 1786 )January 18 – John Nelson (lawyer) , American lawyer (b. 1791 )January 27
January 29 –
February 29 – George Bridgetower , Afro-Polish violinist (b. 1778 )March 6 – Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer , German cellist, composer (b. 1783 )March 14 – Carl Ritter von Ghega , Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (b. 1802 )March 17 – Anna Brownell Jameson , British art historian (b. 1794 )[ 14] March 25 – James Braid , Scottish surgeon (b. 1795 )May 1 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted , 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1778 )May 10 – Theodore Parker , American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (b. 1810 )May 12 – Sir Charles Barry , English architect (b. 1795 )[ 15] May 21 – Phineas Gage , improbable American head injury survivor (b. 1823 )June 26 – George Montgomery White , American politician (b. 1828 )[ 16] June 30 – Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert , German naturalist (b. 1780 )
– DecemberCharles Goodyear Arthur Schopenhauer July 1 – Charles Goodyear , American inventor (b. 1800 )August 25 – Johan Ludvig Heiberg , Danish poet and critic (born 1791 )[ 17] September 12 – William Walker , American filibuster who was briefly President of Nicaragua (executed) (b. 1824 )September 21 – Arthur Schopenhauer , German philosopher (b. 1788 )[ 18] October 12 – Sir Harry Smith , English soldier, military commander (b. 1787 )October 25 – Alexander Maconchie , Scottish penal reformer (b. 1787 )October 31 – Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald , British admiral (b. 1775 )November 1 – Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) , Empress Consort of Russian Emperor Nicholas I (b. 1798 )December 2 – Ferdinand Christian Baur , German theologian (b. 1792 )[ 19] December 14 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1784 )
References
↑ Dumézil, Georges (1996) [1966]. Archaic Roman Religion: Volume One . trans. Philip Krapp. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 320– 321. ISBN 978-0-8018-5482-8 .↑ Proctor, Richard A. (September 30, 1877). "Leverrier and the Discovery of Neptune" . The New York Times ↑ "SS Hungarian - 1860" . On the Rocks . Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2021-05-18 .↑ Bryan, Amanda (2024-02-20). "Abraham Lincoln's Speech at Cooper Union | February 27, 1860" . Teaching American History . Retrieved 2025-07-18 . ↑ "José Ignacio Pavón" . Presidentes.mx (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019 .↑ "Miguel Miramón" . Presidentes.mx (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019 .↑ Niemann, Albert (1860). On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves ↑ "Interior of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria" . World Digital Library the original on 2018-01-09. Retrieved 2013-09-25 .↑ "TAG Heuer's History" . TAG Heuer. Retrieved 2020-12-07 .↑ Morris, A.J.A. (January 2011). "Bottomley, Horatio William" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ed.). Oxford University Press. doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/31981 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ↑ Edmonds, , J.; Bunton, M. (3 January 2008). "Sir Archibald Murray". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ed.). Oxford University Press. doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/35155 . {{cite encyclopedia }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link ) (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ↑ Duffy, Michael. "Who's Who- Gustav Bachmann" . First World War.com . Retrieved August 4, 2015 . ↑ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Arndt, Ernst Moritz" Encyclopedia Americana ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Jameson, Anna Brownell ". Encyclopædia Britannica 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.↑ "Sir Charles Barry | British architect" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 November 2021 .↑ "George Montgomery White's death notice" . The Wilmington Journal . Wilmington, North Carolina . July 19, 1860.↑ Stewart, Jon (2015). The cultural crisis of the Danish golden age: Heiberg, Martensen and Kierkegaard . Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 39. ISBN 9788763542692 . ↑ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1999). Prize essay on the freedom of the will . Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 9780521577663 . ↑ Overbeck, Franz (2002). On the Christianity of Theology Translated with an Introduction and Notes . Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 9781725242128 .
