A presidential election was held in Massachusetts on December 18, 1788, and January 7, 1789, as part of the 1788–89 United States presidential election.[1] Federalists led the polls in the first round of voting in each of the state's eight electoral districts.[2] The Massachusetts General Court subsequently chose one elector from among the leading candidates in each district and appointed two further electors to represent the state at-large. All 10 electors voted for George Washington and John Adams.[3]

Federalists won the 1788 Massachusetts elections, re-electing the incumbent governor John Hancock and electing majorities in the Massachusetts Senate and the House of Representatives. Federalist legislators proceeded to divided the state into eight electoral districts, with each district choosing one elector in the upcoming presidential election. While the district system paid lip service to democratic representation, the map adopted by the General Court was gerrymandered to overrepresent the Federalist-leaning counties in Eastern Massachusetts.[4]

Washington was widely expected to be the first choice of the Electoral College in the first elections held under the Constitution of the United States. Some uncertainty persisted concerning the choice of the first vice president, however, due partly to the electoral system established by Article II of the Constitution. Under this system, each elector voted for two candidates; the candidate with the largest majority was elected president, and the runner-up vice president. With Washington likely to become president, many observers expected Adams to receive the other vote of most of the electors. Some, such as Alexander Hamilton, feared Adams's popularity would be so great as to result in a tied vote, throwing the election to the United States House of Representatives. Hamilton believed this event would be deeply embarrassing to the new government and personally intervened with the electors to urge them not to vote for Adams.[5]

More than 200 candidates received votes in the first round.[4] Voters in each district voted for two candidates, with the two highest-placed candidates advancing to a runoff in the General Court.[6] The electors appointed by the General Court met on February 4, 1789, and voted for Washington and Adams.[1]

General election

Summary

Massachusetts chose eight electors from single-member districts and two additional electors to represent the state at-large. Early election laws required voters to elect the members of the Electoral College individually, rather than as a block.[7] The following table compares the sum of the votes for the leading Federalist and Anti-Federalist electors in each township to give an approximate sense of the statewide popular vote.

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts[2]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists George Washington 6,720 77.81
Anti-Federalists George Washington 1,916 22.19
Total George Washington 8,636 100.00
Total votes 8,636 100.00

Results by county

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts by county[2]
County George Washington
Federalists		 George Washington
Anti-Federalists		 Margin Total
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Barnstable 137 100.00 — 137 100.00 137
Berkshire 517 81.80 115 18.20 402 63.60 632
Bristol 567 65.10 304 34.90 263 30.20 871
Cumberland 146 100.00 — 146 100.00 146
Dukes[a] 2 100.00 — 2 100.00 2
Essex 1,047 86.67 161 13.33 886 73.34 1,208
Hampshire 1,056 86.99 158 13.01 898 73.98 1,214
Lincoln 163 38.35 262 61.65 -99 -23.30 425
Middlesex 958 88.46 125 11.54 833 76.92 1,083
Nantucket 147 100.00 — 147 100.00 147
Plymouth 341 98.84 4 1.16 337 97.68 345
Suffolk 691 82.66 145 17.34 546 65.32 836
Worcester 748 57.63 550 42.37 198 15.26 1,298
York 200 68.49 92 31.51 108 36.98 292
TOTAL 6,720 77.81 1,916 22.19 4,804 55.62 8,636

Results by district

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts by district[2]
District E.V. George Washington
Federalists		 George Washington
Anti-Federalists		 Margin Total
Votes % E.V. Votes % E.V. Votes %
At-large electors 2 * 2 * — * *
Barnstable & Plymouth 1 478 99.17 1 4 0.83 — 474 98.34 482
Berkshire & Hampshire 1 1,573 85.21 1 273 14.79 — 1,300 70.42 1,846
Bristol, Dukes, & Nantucket 1 716 70.20 1 304 29.80 — 412 40.40 1,020
Cumberland, Lincoln, & York 1 509 58.98 1 354 41.02 — 155 17.96 863
Essex 1 1,047 86.67 1 161 13.33 — 886 73.34 1,208
Middlesex 1 958 88.46 1 125 11.54 — 833 76.92 1,083
Suffolk 1 691 82.66 1 145 17.34 — 546 65.32 836
Worcester 1 748 57.63 1 550 42.37 — 198 15.26 1,298
TOTAL 10 6,720 77.81 10 1,916 22.19 0 4,804 55.62 8,636

Barnstable and Plymouth

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Barnstable and Plymouth[8]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists Samuel Savage[b] 373 37.95%
Federalists William Sever 319 32.45%
Federalists Nathan Cushing 92 9.36%
Federalists Joshua Thomas 61 6.21%
Federalists Shearjashub Bourne 54 5.49%
Federalists Solomon Freeman 32 3.26%
Federalists William Cushing 17 1.73%
Federalists Daniel Howard 12 1.22%
Federalists Thomas Davis 6 0.61%
Anti-Federalists James Warren[c] 4 0.41%
Anti-Federalists Francis Shurtleff 3 0.31%
Unknown John Gray 3 0.31%
Unknown Samuel Freeman 2 0.20%
Federalists David Thacher 1 0.10%
Federalists George Partridge 1 0.10%
Federalists Joseph Cushing 1 0.10%
Unknown Joseph Smith 1 0.10%
Federalists Samuel Jackson 1 0.10%
Total votes 983 100.00%

Berkshire and Hampshire

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Berkshire and Hampshire[11]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists Samuel Henshaw 668 17.55%
Federalists Elijah Dwight 557 14.63%
Federalists Samuel Lyman[d] 484 12.72%
Federalists Thompson J. Skinner 456 11.98%
Unknown Samuel Fowler[e] 200 5.25%
Federalists John Hastings 168 4.41%
Anti-Federalists William Whiting[f] 114 3.00%
Federalists Theodore Sedgwick 109 2.86%
Federalists Thomas Ives[g] 96 2.52%
Unknown David Smead[h] 91 2.39%
Anti-Federalists Oliver Phelps[i] 80 2.10%
Anti-Federalists William Bodman 66 1.73%
Unknown Simeon Strong[j] 64 1.68%
Federalists William Williams[k] 61 1.60%
Federalists William Shepard 59 1.55%
Unknown John Bliss 47 1.23%
Unknown Reuben Kimman 46 1.21%
Unknown Hugh MacLellan 36 0.95%
Unknown Elijah Williams 34 0.89%
Unknown Lott Stoddard 32 0.84%
Unknown William Walker 30 0.79%
Federalists Ebenezer Mattoon 28 0.74%
Federalists Noah Goodman 28 0.74%
Anti-Federalists Ephraim Fitch 26 0.68%
Anti-Federalists John Bacon[l] 22 0.58%
Anti-Federalists Phineas Stebbins 19 0.50%
Unknown Joshua Henshaw 18 0.47%
Unknown Eleazer Porter 17 0.44%
Unknown Reuben Mason 16 0.42%
Federalists John Ashley 15 0.39%
Unknown Levi Shepard 14 0.37%
Unknown Timothy Robinson 13 0.34%
Federalists Woodbridge Little[m] 12 0.32%
Unknown John Brown 11 0.29%
Unknown Moses Bliss 11 0.29%
Anti-Federalists Thomas Lusk 11 0.29%
Unknown Chapin 7 0.18%
Unknown Jonathan Hale 7 0.18%
Unknown Justin Ely 6 0.16%
Unknown John Williams 5 0.13%
Anti-Federalists Ebenezer Peirce 4 0.11%
Unknown Ely Parsons[n] 3 0.08%
Unknown Ebenezer Hunt 2 0.05%
Unknown Jahleel Woodbridge 2 0.05%
Unknown John Worthington 2 0.05%
Unknown Joshua Shaw 2 0.05%
Unknown Oliver Smith 2 0.05%
Federalists Elisha Porter 1 0.03%
Unknown James Coe 1 0.03%
Unknown Park 1 0.03%
Anti-Federalists William Lyman[o] 1 0.03%
Federalists William Pynchon 1 0.03%
Total votes 3,806 100.00%

Bristol, Dukes, and Nantucket

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Bristol, Dukes, and Nantucket[23]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists Elisha May 537 25.55%
Federalists Walter Spooner 357 16.98%
Federalists Samuel Tobey 332 15.79%
Anti-Federalists Holder Slocum[p] 300 14.27%
Anti-Federalists Phanuel Bishop 295 14.03%
Federalists David Cobb[q] 162 7.71%
Unknown James Athearn 53 2.52%
Unknown John Worth 34 1.62%
Unknown Beriah Norton 13 0.62%
Federalists George Leonard[r] 12 0.57%
Federalists Cornelius Dunham 2 0.10%
Federalists William Bailies 2 0.10%
Unknown Daniel Leonard 1 0.05%
Unknown Jerathmeel Bowers 1 0.05%
Unknown Zephaniah Leonard 1 0.05%
Total votes 2,102 100.00%

Cumberland, Lincoln, and York

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Cumberland, Lincoln, and York[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists David Sewall 231 14.56%
Anti-Federalists Daniel Cony[s] 213 13.43%
Federalists Nathaniel Wells 196 12.36%
Unknown Josiah Thacher[t] 168 10.59%
Anti-Federalists William Widgery 157 9.90%
Federalists William Lithgow[u] 127 8.01%
Anti-Federalists Samuel Thompson 69 4.35%
Federalists Peleg Wadsworth 43 2.71%
Anti-Federalists Samuel Nasson 43 2.71%
Unknown Edmund Phinney 37 2.33%
Federalists Stephen Longfellow 37 2.33%
Unknown Henry Dearborn[v] 35 2.21%
Federalists Dummer Sewall 34 2.14%
Federalists Thomas Rice 29 1.83%
Unknown William Gorham 24 1.51%
Federalists Thomas Cutts 22 1.39%
Unknown William Cunningham 22 1.39%
Unknown Tristram Jordan 20 1.26%
Unknown Enoch Ilsley[w] 16 1.01%
Federalists George Thatcher 16 1.01%
Unknown Ichabod Goodwin[x] 12 0.76%
Federalists Joseph Noyes[33] 10 0.63%
Federalists Joshua Bailey Osgood[y] 7 0.44%
Unknown John Frost 6 0.38%
Unknown John Lewis 5 0.32%
Unknown James Parrington 2 0.13%
Unknown Daniel Davis 1 0.06%
Unknown Edward Cutts 1 0.06%
Anti-Federalists James Carr 1 0.06%
Federalists John Fox 1 0.06%
Unknown John Swett 1 0.06%
Total votes 1,586 100.00%

Essex

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Essex[35]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists George Cabot 955 38.42%
Federalists Samuel Phillips Jr. 676 27.19%
Federalists Jonathan Titcomb 323 12.99%
Federalists Azor Orne 184 7.40%
Anti-Federalists Samuel Holten[z] 155 6.23%
Federalists Benjamin Goodhue 100 4.02%
Federalists Samuel Phillips 30 1.21%
Federalists Benjamin Greenleaf 14 0.56%
Unknown John Pickering 11 0.44%
Federalists John Choate 8 0.32%
Unknown Jonathan Gardner 7 0.28%
Federalists Jonathan Jackson 5 0.20%
Anti-Federalists Thomas Kitteridge 4 0.16%
Anti-Federalists Daniel Kilham[aa] 2 0.08%
Anti-Federalists Israel Hutchinson 2 0.08%
Unknown Nathan Banks 2 0.08%
Unknown Aaron Cheever 1 0.04%
Federalists Jonathan Greenleaf[ab] 1 0.04%
Unknown Nathan Goodale 1 0.04%
Unknown Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent 1 0.04%
Unknown Samuel Fowler 1 0.04%
Unknown Squires Shove 1 0.04%
Federalists Theophilus Parsons 1 0.04%
Unknown Timothy Dexter 1 0.04%
Total votes 2,486 100.00%

Middlesex

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Middlesex[38]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists Francis Dana 572 23.96%
Federalists John Brooks 338 14.16%
Federalists Nathaniel Gorham 333 13.95%
Federalists Eleazer Brooks 267 11.19%
Unknown Oliver Prescott[ac] 259 10.85%
Federalists Joseph B. Varnum 182 7.62%
Unknown William Winthrop[ad] 87 3.64%
Anti-Federalists Elbridge Gerry[ae] 78 3.27%
Unknown Joseph Harmon 66 2.76%
Federalists Ebenezer Bridge[af] 46 1.93%
Unknown Loammi Baldwin[ag] 30 1.26%
Anti-Federalists Marshall Spring 28 1.17%
Anti-Federalists James Winthrop[ah] 24 1.01%
Federalists Abraham Fuller 19 0.80%
Unknown Joseph Curtis 18 0.75%
Unknown James Russell 17 0.71%
Federalists John Pitts 7 0.29%
Anti-Federalists Walter McFarland[ai] 7 0.29%
Unknown Aaron Johnson 1 0.04%
Federalists Asahel Wheeler 1 0.04%
Federalists Benjamin Brown 1 0.04%
Unknown Chambers Russell 1 0.04%
Unknown Duncan Ingraham 1 0.04%
Unknown Francis Faulkner 1 0.04%
Unknown Joseph Lee 1 0.04%
Unknown Parker Vasmens 1 0.04%
Federalists William Hull[aj] 1 0.04%
Total votes 2,387 100.00%

Suffolk

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Suffolk[49]
Party Candidate Votes %
Fusion Jabez Fisher 801 44.50%
Federalists Caleb Davis 585 32.50%
Anti-Federalists Thomas Dawes[ak] 132 7.33%
Federalists James Bowdoin 46 2.56%
Federalists Benjamin Lincoln 43 2.39%
Federalists William Heath 39 2.17%
Federalists Cotton Tufts 36 2.00%
Unknown Stephen Metcalf[al] 31 1.72%
Federalists Charles Jarvis 23 1.28%
Unknown Oliver Wendell[am] 21 1.17%
Unknown John Metcalf 10 0.56%
Anti-Federalists John Winthrop[an] 8 0.44%
Federalists Richard Cranch 6 0.33%
Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams[ao] 5 0.28%
Federalists Fisher Ames 4 0.22%
Unknown Ebenezer Thayer Jr. 2 0.11%
Unknown James Humphrey 2 0.11%
Unknown Lemuel Kollock 2 0.11%
Unknown Elias Parkman 1 0.06%
Federalists John Lowell 1 0.06%
Unknown Nathaniel Bailey 1 0.06%
Unknown Norton Brailsford 1 0.06%
Total votes 1,800 100.00%

Worcester

1788–89 United States presidential election in Massachusetts: Worcester[54]
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalists Moses Gill[ap] 340 13.70%
Unknown Abel Wilder[aq] 335 13.50%
Federalists John Sprague 281 11.32%
Federalists Timothy Paine[ar] 191 7.70%
Federalists Artemas Ward 176 7.09%
Federalists Samuel Baker 163 6.57%
Anti-Federalists Amos Singletary 154 6.20%
Unknown Jonathan Warner 144 5.80%
Anti-Federalists Martin Kinsley 135 5.44%
Anti-Federalists Peter Pennaman[as] 123 4.96%
Anti-Federalists Timothy Fuller 104 4.19%
Anti-Federalists Samuel Willard 91 3.67%
Anti-Federalists John Fessendon[at] 71 2.86%
Anti-Federalists Jonathan Grout 69 2.78%
Unknown Samuel Curtis[au] 65 2.62%
Unknown Seth Washburn[av] 55 2.22%
Unknown Henry Bromfield[aw] 41 1.65%
Anti-Federalists John Black 32 1.29%
Anti-Federalists Jeremiah Learned 30 1.21%
Anti-Federalists John Taylor 30 1.21%
Federalists Levi Lincoln, Sr.[ax] 25 1.01%
Unknown Daniel Clarke 24 0.97%
Anti-Federalists Stephen Maynard 24 0.97%
Federalists David Wilder 23 0.93%
Unknown Joseph Allen[ay] 20 0.81%
Unknown Caleb Ammidown 16 0.64%
Unknown Joseph Dorr 14 0.56%
Unknown Samuel Crosby 12 0.48%
Unknown Timothy Newell[az] 12 0.48%
Unknown Samuel Danky 10 0.40%
Unknown Andrew Peters 9 0.36%
Anti-Federalists Josiah Whitney 6 0.24%
Unknown Benjamin Haywood 3 0.12%
Unknown Ebenezer Learned 3 0.12%
Unknown Josiah Whiting 3 0.12%
Unknown Park Holland 2 0.08%
Anti-Federalists David Bigelow 1 0.04%
Unknown David Taylor 1 0.04%
Unknown Joseph Read 1 0.04%
Unknown Joseph Story 1 0.04%
Unknown Joseph Wheeler 1 0.04%
Federalists Seth Newton 1 0.04%
Total votes 2,842 100.00%

Maps

Contingent election

The Massachusetts General Court met on January 7, 1789, to appoint two electors to represent the state at-large and eight electors to represent districts where no candidate won a majority of the popular vote. In the district races, the legislature chose between the two candidates with the most votes in the general election. The state's election law as originally written required the legislature to choose two at-large electors who had not been candidates in the general election, but the large number of candidates led legislators to drop this requirement.[4]

1789 contingent United States presidential election in Massachusetts[2]
District Party Candidate
At-large Federalists Nathan Cushing
Federalists William Shepard
Barnstable & Plymouth Federalists William Sever
Federalists Samuel Savage
Berkshire & Hampshire Federalists Samuel Henshaw
Federalists Elijah Dwight
Bristol, Dukes, & Nantucket Federalists Walter Spooner
Federalists Elishah May
Cumberland, Lincoln, & York
(District of Maine)		 Federalists David Sewall
Anti-Federalists Daniel Cony
Essex Federalists Samuel Phillips Jr.
Federalists George Cabot
Middlesex Federalists Francis Dana
Federalists John Brooks
Suffolk Federalists Caleb Davis
Fusion Jabez Fisher
Worcester Federalists Moses Gill
N/a Abel Wilder

Electoral College

Presidential candidate Party Home state Electoral
vote[ba]
George Washington Independent Virginia 10
John Adams Federalists Massachusetts 10
Total votes 10

Source: A New Nation Votes: American Election Results, 1787–1825. American Antiquarian Society.[65]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Including votes for Cornelius Durham, a Federalist. Candidates with no known faction affiliation received between 13 and 53 votes in Dukes County.
  2. ↑ Federalist correspondent in 1788.[9]
  3. ↑ Anti-Federalist leader in 1788.[10]
  4. ↑ Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1789.[12]
  5. ↑ Federalist Party candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1796[13] and 1799.[14]
  6. ↑ Anti-Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788[15] and 1789.[16]
  7. ↑ Opponent of Shays's Rebellion; afterwards a Federalist.[17]
  8. ↑ Federalist Party candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1796.[18]
  9. ↑ Anti-Federalist correspondent in 1788.[10]
  10. ↑ Federalist official during the 1790s.[19]
  11. ↑ Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1789.[12]
  12. ↑ Anti-Federalist correspondent in 1788.[10]
  13. ↑ Federalist partisan during the 1780s.[20]
  14. ↑ Leader in Shays's Rebellion.[21]
  15. ↑ Anti-Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788.[22]
  16. ↑ Alias Holder Housen.[24]
  17. ↑ Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788.[25]
  18. ↑ Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788.[26]
  19. ↑ Anti-Federalist leader in 1788.[28]
  20. ↑ Federalist Party candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1796.[29]
  21. ↑ Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1790.[26]
  22. ↑ Anti-Administration (later Democratic-Republican) U.S. representative from 1793 to 1797.[30]
  23. ↑ Co-founder of the separatist Cumberland Gazette.[31]
  24. ↑ Celebrated the adoption of the United States Constitution.[32]
  25. ↑ A debtor who expressed direct support for the United States constitution, in a letter of correspondence to federalist George Thatcher, dated October 8th, 1787.[34]
  26. ↑ Anti-Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788.[28]
  27. ↑ Anti-Federalist leader in 1788.[36]
  28. ↑ Federalist candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1788.[37]
  29. ↑ Opponent of Shays's Rebellion.[39]
  30. ↑ Party affiliation unknown during this election, but ran explicitly as a Democratic-Republican in 1799. Brother of prominent Anti-Federalists James Winthrop. No Federalists (United States) shift noted or recorded during all years of service.[40]
  31. ↑ Voted against ratifying the United States Constitution.[41] One of two delegates to the Constitutional Convention to refuse to sign the finished document.[42] Unsuccessful Anti-Federalist candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 1788.[43]
  32. ↑ Federalist candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1788.[44]
  33. ↑ Opponent of Shays's Rebellion.[45]
  34. ↑ Anti-Federalist leader in 1788.[46]
  35. ↑ Anti-Federalist candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1789.[47]
  36. ↑ Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1789.[48]
  37. ↑ Voted to ratify the United States Constitution.
  38. ↑ Federalist Party candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1796.[50]
  39. ↑ Federalist Party candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1796.[51]
  40. ↑ Anti-Federalist Massachusetts representative in 1788. Voted to ratify the U.S. Constitution.[52]
  41. ↑ Anti-Federalist leader in 1788.[53] Voted to ratify the U.S. Constitution.[41]
  42. ↑ Federalist candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1788.[55]
  43. ↑ Opposed clemency for participants in Shays's Rebellion.[56]
  44. ↑ Federalist candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788.[57]
  45. ↑ Anti-Federalist candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1789.[58]
  46. ↑ Anti-Federalist candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1789.[59]
  47. ↑ Listed as being "absent" from the vote on ratification.[11]
  48. ↑ Federalist Party candidate for the Massachusetts Senate in 1811.[60]
  49. ↑ Federalist Party partisan in the 1790s.[61]
  50. ↑ Supported ratification of the United States Constitution.[62]
  51. ↑ Federalist Party U.S. representative from 1809 to 1811.[63]
  52. ↑ Opponent of Shays's Rebellion.[64]
  53. ↑ Each elector voted for two candidates.

References

  1. 1 2 Jensen & Becker 1976, p. 441.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Lampi 2012b; Lampi 2012c; Lampi 2012d; Lampi 2012e; Lampi 2012f; Lampi 2012g; Lampi 2012h; Lampi 2012i.
  3. ↑ Jensen & Becker 1976, pp. 438, 441.
  4. 1 2 3 Jensen & Becker 1976, p. 438.
  5. ↑ Cunliffe 2002, pp. 7, 12–13.
  6. ↑ Lampi 2012b, n3.
  7. ↑ Lampi n.d.
  8. ↑ Lampi 2012b; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  9. ↑ Kaminski & Saladino 2001, p. 1,685.
  10. 1 2 3 Boyd 1979, p. 56.
  11. 1 2 Lampi 2012c; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  12. 1 2 Boyd 1979, p. 148.
  13. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1796 State Senate, Hampshire County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  14. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1799 State Senate, Hampshire County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  15. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1788 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  16. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4, Ballot 4". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  17. ↑ Taylor 1882, p. 370.
  18. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1796 State Senate, Hampshire County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  19. ↑ Ben-Atar & Brown 2014, p. 46.
  20. ↑ Boonshoft 2020, p. 14.
  21. ↑ Condon 2015, p. 89.
  22. ↑ Stephens 1909, p. 58.
  23. ↑ Lampi 2012d; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  24. ↑ Lampi 2012d; Westport Historical Society 2025, p. 97; Dubin 2002.
  25. ↑ Boyd 1979, p. 145.
  26. 1 2 Hall 1972, p. 345.
  27. ↑ Lampi 2012e; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  28. 1 2 Boyd 1979, p. 146.
  29. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1796 State Senate, Cumberland County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  30. ↑ Office of the Historian (n.d.). "Dearborn, Henry". History, Art, and Archives. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  31. ↑ Leamon 1993, p. 284.
  32. ↑ Kaminski & Saladino 2001, p. 1,610.
  33. ↑ Emery 1901, p. 370.
  34. ↑ Holton, Woody. "A Capitalist Document" (PDF). conference.nber.org. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  35. ↑ Lampi 2012f; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  36. ↑ Boyd 1979, p. 65.
  37. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1788 State Senate, Essex County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society.
  38. ↑ Lampi 2012g; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  39. ↑ Condon 2015, pp. 67, 74.
  40. ↑ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  41. 1 2 Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d.
  42. ↑ Finkelman 1987, p. 224–25.
  43. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. "Massachusetts 1788 Governor". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  44. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1788 State Senate, Middlesex County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society.
  45. ↑ Condon 2015, pp. 44, 54.
  46. ↑ Cornell 1999, p. 53.
  47. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. "Massachusetts 1789 State Senate, Middlesex County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  48. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3, Ballot 2". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society.
  49. ↑ Lampi 2012h; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  50. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1796 State Senate, Norfolk County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  51. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1796 State Senate, Suffolk County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 19, 2026.
  52. ↑ Boyd 1979, p. 123.
  53. ↑ Hall 1972, p. 276.
  54. ↑ Lampi 2012i; Center for the Study of the American Constitution n.d..
  55. ↑ Hall 1972, p. 302.
  56. ↑ Condon 2015, p. 84.
  57. ↑ Boyd 1979, p. 147.
  58. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1789 State Senate, Worcester County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  59. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1789 State Senate, Worcester County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  60. ↑ Lampi, Philip J. (2012). "Massachusetts 1789 State Senate, Bristol County". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  61. ↑ Norse 1894, p. 444.
  62. ↑ Petroelje 1969, p. 49.
  63. ↑ Office of the Historian (n.d.). "Allen, Joseph". History, Art, and Archives. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  64. ↑ Clark 1838, p. 15.
  65. ↑ Lampi 2012a.

Bibliography

Primary sources

Secondary sources

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788–89_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts