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1234 (MCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1234th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 234th year of the 2nd millennium, the 34th year of the 13th century, and the 5th year of the 1230s decade. As of the start of 1234, the Gregorian calendar was 7 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

• February 9 — Song Dynasty Chinese and Mongolian armies occupied the Jurchen capital at Caizhou, marking the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234).
• Supposedly Mali begins revolt against oppressors.
• Canonization of Saint Dominic
• Pope Gregory IX called for a Crusade against Bosnia and replaced the Bogumil Bosnian Bishop with a Catholic Dominican German Johann
• Pope Gregory IX released the Nova Compilatio Decretalium
• King Andrew II of Hungary proclaimed herzeg Coloman as Ban of Bosnia, who passed it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Ban Matej Ninoslav (1234 to 1239) despite Matej being the legitimate Ban of Bosnia

• Abaqa Khan, Mongol emperor of Persia (died 1282)

• April 16 – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (dob. unknown)
• June 18 – Emperor Chūkyō of Japan (born 1218)
• August 31 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (born 1212)
• Alan, Lord of Galloway
• Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (born 1192)

• Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
• Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
• Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong King of Navarre (reigned from 1194 to 1234)